In this study, the performance characteristics of electrical energy harvesting induced by fluid flow were experimentally investigated using a flexible PVDF energy harvester device with a two-stage parallel and vertically aligned configuration. The pro...
In this study, the performance characteristics of electrical energy harvesting induced by fluid flow were experimentally investigated using a flexible PVDF energy harvester device with a two-stage parallel and vertically aligned configuration. The proposed single module was designed by combining a funnel-type inlet and a spiral internal channel based on the previously developed FTEH(Funnel Type Energy Harvester) structure, which effectively concentrates the incoming airflow and induces rotational vortices to amplify the vibration displacement of the piezoelectric films.
Ten PVDF film modules were serially connected to form one set, and four identical sets were assembled into three different array configurations—2×2, 4×1, and 1×4—to experimentally examine the influence of array geometry and vortex interaction on power-generation performance. The experiments were conducted under wind speeds ranging from 1 to 3m/s, using a DPS(Direct Current Power Supply)-based charging circuit and a DAQ(Data Acquisition) system. All measurements were performed under identical electrical conditions with a 100μF capacitor and a 50Ω load resistance, while voltage signals were sampled at 100Hz and averaged at 30-second intervals to minimize noise.
At a wind speed of 3m/s, the 2×2 array configuration achieved an average charging voltage of 2.895V and a total output power of 0.731W at 600s, which were approximately 3.3 times and 4.2 times higher than those of the 4×1 (0.224W) and 1×4 (0.176W) arrays, respectively. The uniformity index (U = 0.701), vortex amplification index (G = 0.663), and array efficiency (η = 0.789) indicated that the 2×2 configuration provided the most uniform and efficient energy distribution among all configurations. This superior performance resulted from the vortex recirculation effect, where the wake flow generated at the upper leading modules was reintroduced into the lower trailing modules, and from the partial output inversion observed in the left column (#1–#3), which together enhanced the energy balance and maintained high power uniformity.
In contrast, the 4×1 array exhibited significant power degradation due to strong wake interference between modules, while the 1×4 array showed asymmetric side flow and wall reflection effects, resulting in reduced power efficiency. These findings experimentally demonstrate that the energy-harvesting performance of a piezoelectric device is not governed solely by flow velocity but is dominantly influenced by the vortex-induced flow field, structural configuration, and aerodynamic coupling among arrayed modules.
Therefore, the proposed two-stage parallel funnel-type PVDF energy harvester with a 2×2 array configuration is identified as an effective design for high-efficiency energy harvesting even under low-wind-speed conditions (1~2m/s). The results of this study are expected to provide valuable design guidance for future applications in self-powered IoT sensors, wearable devices, and distributed micro-power supply systems.