반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 척도(DGS-PL) 개발 및 타당화 = Development and Validation of the Disenfranchised Grief Scale for Pet Loss

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 성인 반려인을 대상으로 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 를 과학적으로 측정할 수 있는 척도를 개발하고, 그 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 기존의 박탈된 애도 척도들은 인간의 상 실을 중심으로 개발되거나 특정 집단에 한정되어 있어, 반려동물 상실이 지닌 심리적 특수성과 한국 사회의 문화적 맥락을 충분히 반영하지 못하 는 한계가 있었다. 특히 선행 도구들은 사회적 인정의 부족이나 외부의 반응에 초점을 두는 경향이 강해, 사회적 인정의 결여 속에서 반려인이 슬픔을 스스로 억제하고 내면화하는 자기박탈의 과정과 그로 인해 경험 되는 상실의 고통을 체계적으로 측정하는 데에는 제한이 있었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 문헌 연구와 선행 척도 분석을 실시하고, 반려동 물 상실 경험자를 대상으로 한 심층 면담자료를 재분석하여 초기문항을 도출하였다. 이후 전문가 집단의 내용타당도 검증을 거쳐 예비문항을 구 성하고, 반려동물을 상실한 성인 248명을 대상으로 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하여 요인 구조를 도출하였다. 이어서 396명을 대상으로 확인적 요 인분석을 수행하여 모형의 적합도를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, ‘사회적 지지의 결여’, ‘자기박탈’, ‘상실의 고통’의 3요인이 최종적으로 도출되었으며, 각 하위요인과 전체 척도 모두에서 수용 가능 한 수준의 신뢰도와 구인타당도가 확보되었다. 또한 반려동물 애도 척도 와 애도 회피와의 상관을 통해 수렴타당도를 확인하고, 다차원적 지각된 사회적 지지와 심리적 성장과의 관계를 통해 변별타당도를 검증하였다. 더 나아가 우울을 종속변수로 설정하고 복합애도를 통제한 증분타당도 분석 결과, 본 척도는 기존 척도로 설명되지 않는 추가적인 변량을 유의 하게 설명하여 독립적인 설명력을 지니는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과 는 반려동물 상실 애도가 단순한 정서 반응이 아니라 사회적 비인정과 개인의 감정 억제 과정이 결합된 다차원적 심리 경험임을 보여주며, 본 척도가 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도를 보다 정교하게 이해하고 연 구할 수 있는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점을 살펴보고, 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈 된 애도 연구를 위한 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for scientifically measuring disenfranchised grief following pet loss among adult pet owners and to examine its reliability and validity. Existing measures of disenfranchised grief have primarily been developed in the context of human loss or limited to specific populations, resulting in limitations in adequately reflecting the psychological characteristics of pet loss and the cultural context of Korean society. In particular, prior instruments have tended to focus on a lack of social recognition or external social responses, and thus have been limited in capturing the process of self-disenfranchisement—through which bereaved pet owners suppress and internalize their grief—as well as the pain of loss experienced within this context. To address these limitations, the present study conducted a literature review and an analysis of existing measures, and reanalyzed in-depth interview data from individuals who had experienced pet loss to generate initial items. Preliminary items were refined through content validity evaluation by an expert panel. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was then conducted with 248 adults who had experienced pet loss to identify the factor structure, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with an independent sample of 396 participants to examine model fit. The results revealed three factors: lack of social support, self-disenfranchisement, and pain of loss. Acceptable levels of reliability and construct validity were established for each subscale and for the overall scale. Convergent validity was supported through correlations with a pet bereavement scale and grief avoidance, while discriminant validity was confirmed through relationships with perceived social support and psychological growth. Furthermore, an incremental validity analysis, in which depression was set as the dependent variable and complicated grief was controlled, demonstrated that the present scale explained a significant amount of additional variance beyond existing measures, indicating its independent explanatory power. These findings suggest that grief following pet loss is not merely an emotional reaction but a multidimensional psychological experience shaped by social non-recognition and individual processes of emotional suppression. The scale developed in this study provides a foundational tool for more nuanced understanding and empirical research on disenfranchised grief associated with pet loss. Finally, the limitations of the present study are discussed, and directions for future research on disenfranchised grief following pet loss are suggested.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 ···············································································································1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ············································································1
• 2. 연구 문제 ····································································································9
• 3. 용어의 정의 ······························································································10
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 ································································································12
• 1. 반려동물 ··································································································12
• 2. 애도 ··········································································································16
• 3. 박탈된 애도 ······························································································20
• 4. 박탈된 애도 관련 척도에 대한 선행연구 고찰 ································26
• Ⅲ. 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 척도 개발 ····························30
• 1. 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 척도 개발 절차 ······················30
• 2. 기초 예비문항 개발 ················································································33
• 3. 내용 타당도 검증 및 예비문항 작성 ··················································45
• 4. 최종 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 척도 개발 ······················55
• Ⅳ. 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 척도 타당화 ························74
• 1. 연구 대상 ··································································································74
• 2. 연구 도구 ··································································································76
• 3. 자료 분석 ··································································································81
• 4. 연구 결과 ··································································································82
• Ⅴ. 논의 ···············································································································90
• 1. 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 척도 개발 ································90
• 2. 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 척도의 타당화 ························93
• Ⅵ. 의의 및 제언 ······························································································97
• 1. 의의 ············································································································97
• 2. 제언 ············································································································99
• 참고문헌 ··········································································································102
• 부록 ··················································································································123
• 1. 기존 박탈된 애도 관련 척도 추출 문항(95문항) ·······················123
• 2. 반려동물 상실한 반려인 인터뷰 자료 유목화(76문항) ·············127
• 3. 기초 예비문항 작성 과정(76문항) ·················································130
• 4. 1차 예비문항(60문항) ·······································································142
• 5. 2차 예비문항(51문항) ·······································································145
• 6. 3차 예비문항(50문항) ·······································································148
• 7. 반려동물 상실에 따른 박탈된 애도 척도 ····································151
• 8. 한국판 반려동물 애도 척도(K-PBQ) ···········································152
• 9. 한국판 애도 회피 척도 ····································································153
• 10. 다차원적 지각된 사회적지지 척도 ··············································155
• 11. 심리적 성장 척도 ············································································156
• 12. 복합 애도 척도 ················································································157
• 13. 우울 척도 ························································································159
• Abstract ··········································································································161