The widespread adoption of secondary batteries has led to a growing demand for improved performance and safety as applications diversify and become more demanding. Accordingly, this study aims to establish an electrochemical analysis and diagnostic fr...
The widespread adoption of secondary batteries has led to a growing demand for improved performance and safety as applications diversify and become more demanding. Accordingly, this study aims to establish an electrochemical analysis and diagnostic framework essential for their safe and efficient development and utilization. This involves investigating limitations of existing techniques and their underlying factors, as well as implementing diagnostic approaches that enhance the resolution of electrochemical signals while ensuring practicality and reliability. Comparative analysis of alternating-current (AC) and direct-current (DC) signals obtained from two-/three-electrode half-/full-cells reveals that DC signals better reflect the nonlinear dynamic behavior. In addition, it was revealed that errors may occur in interpreting electrode properties using the half-cell signals due to the significant contribution and unpredictable variation of the lithium metal counter electrode signals. In response, a practical diagnostic method enhancing the resolution of DC-signal analysis was established, AC/DC responses associated with the surface evolution of lithium metal electrodes were interpreted, and a highly reliable test cell design was developed for electrode characterization.
An approach was adopted to analyze the electrochemical kinetics involved in the open-circuit voltage (OCV) relaxation. A practical diagnostic framework was constructed that resolves the cell response to the electrode-level contributions in commercial full cells. Specifically, the open-circuit relaxation curves of two-electrode cell voltage were analyzed using an equivalent-circuit-based formula, and the resulting overpotential components with characteristic times were assigned to those governed by either anode or cathode. This enables quantitative evaluation of electrode-specific contributions to the cell overpotential. These findings were cross-validated with directly measured electrode overpotentials in three-electrode cells and the results of AC impedance analyses.
In addition, the response characteristics of the lithium metal electrode and the origins of their variation were analyzed from a surface-morphology perspective. The porous surface region, evolved by plating/stripping during cycling, was represented using a transmission-line model (TLM), and the OCV transients were analyzed using the TLM. Quantifying the segment-wise resistances and capacitances in the TLM enables the estimation of morphological indicators, such as effective surface area, thereby establishing a link between the geometric structure of the metal electrode surface and the observed electrochemical signals. These findings are useful not only for half-cell analyses but also for the evaluation of metal electrodes for next-generation batteries.
Furthermore, a potential-controllable symmetric cell (PCSC) was developed for electrode characterization, providing highly reliable signals. The PCSC retains the advantages of symmetric structure—acquiring high-quality signals from only the target electrode without geometric distortion inside the cell—and enables control of the electrode potential without reconstruction, unlike typical symmetric cells. In all-solid-state systems, where signal distortions owing to the reference electrode insertion or the counter electrode contributions are considerable, the PCSC stably yielded signals reflecting the interfacial and bulk properties of the electrode. The PCSC exhibits versatility, delivering reliable signals even in next-generation batteries with unresolved electrode mechanisms.
In summary, this study advances techniques for analyzing the electrochemical kinetic properties of electrodes and for diagnosing batteries at the electrode level. The findings are applicable to research, development, manufacturing, and operation and can be extended to diverse electrochemical systems. This work is expected to establish the foundation of versatile diagnostic frameworks for batteries.