Our society has regarded formerly incarcerated criminals as potential risks, intervening primarily within the criminal justice framework of surveillance and management. However, such stigmatization and institutional exclusion have isolated these indiv...
Our society has regarded formerly incarcerated criminals as potential risks, intervening primarily within the criminal justice framework of surveillance and management. However, such stigmatization and institutional exclusion have isolated these individuals from society, merely demanding they refrain from reoffending. This risk management-oriented approach has paradoxically deepened their social alienation, discouraged self-reliance, and increased the likelihood of recidivism. Given that a majority of reoffending cases occur among vulnerable groups due to the collapse of social safety nets, conventional interventions focused on physical control and management have shown fundamental limitations in achieving substantive social integration.
In response to these policy limitations, recent trends in criminal justice have shifted away from control-oriented paradigms toward ensuring the rights and well-being of formerly incarcerated individuals. International discussions, led by organizations such as the UNODC, call for expanding interventions into the realm of social welfare, emphasizing social reintegration based on the needs and rights of individuals. This implies a necessity for welfare practices aimed at alleviating structural stressors, such as social exclusion and inequality, beyond the short-term goal of crime deterrence.
Building on this paradigm shift, this study defines social reintegration not merely as a state of non-offending after legal discharge but as a dynamic adaptation process in which an individual leads a stable and meaningful life as a community member. Focusing on the multidimensional nature of social reintegration, this research examines how the stress experienced by formerly incarcerated individuals affects their reintegration pathways. Using the Stress Process Model(SPM) as an analytical framework, this study empirically verifies the impact of socio-demographic vulnerabilities on social reintegration and identifies the buffering effect of integrated welfare services, thereby providing an empirical foundation for a paradigm shift from risk management to welfare and rights-oriented support.
The research questions are as follows: First, what types of integrated welfare services emerge based on individual service utilization patterns? Second, how do the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals affect the probability and timing of social reintegration? Third, do integrated welfare service types have a moderating(buffering) effect on the relationship between stress factors and social reintegration?
For the analysis, administrative data from 2020 to 2022 from the Korea Rehabilitation Agency were utilized. Data preprocessing was conducted using Python 3.12, and statistical analyses, including Latent Class Analysis (LCA), Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards model, were performed using R 4.4.1.
The key findings are as follows: First, LCA identified four latent classes of service utilization: ‘Psychological and Life Support,’ ‘Employment Design Support,’ ‘Integrated Family Support,’ and ‘Skill Enhancement Support’. This confirms that the needs of formerly incarcerated individuals are multidimensional rather than single-faceted, suggesting the necessity for integrated case management rather than fragmented services. Second, the overall social reintegration rate was 35.7%, with an average duration of 336.59 days. The hazard rate peaked at 12–15 months post-release, identifying this period as a “critical time” for effective intervention. Vulnerable groups, including women, the elderly, and the economically disadvantaged, showed longer survival periods, indicating that cumulative structural vulnerabilities delay reintegration. Notably, the early termination observed in the low-education group likely signifies "incomplete termination" due to a lack of appropriate services rather than successful reintegration, highlighting the limitations of supplier-centered administrative data. Third, the Cox model confirmed that integrated welfare services function as buffering mechanisms that significantly moderate the negative impact of stressors on social reintegration. Specifically, the ‘Employment Design Support’ type served as a protective resource enhancing the reintegration probability for women and the elderly.
Based on these results, this study offers theoretical, policy, and practical implications. Theoretically, it expands correctional discourse into a social work integrated support model by applying the SPM. Practically, it suggests restructuring case management from risk management to need-based assessment and recovery. Given that reintegration effects are concentrated around 12–15 months, a minimum of one year of continuous case management must be institutionally ensured.
In conclusion, this study advocates for a paradigm shift from risk management-oriented policies to a welfare-state perspective that views formerly incarcerated individuals as ‘restorable citizens’ rather than potential threats. This necessitates moving beyond the inertia of surveillance under the guise of ‘protection’ and recognizing social reintegration as a shared task of social inclusion. Only when support is grounded in the values of restoration and solidarity can the revolving door of recidivism be stopped, and true social integration be achieved.