With changes in demographic structures, the number of single-person households is rapidly increasing worldwide. The proportion of single-person households within the disabled population is also on the rise. Individuals with disabilities living alone a...
With changes in demographic structures, the number of single-person households is rapidly increasing worldwide. The proportion of single-person households within the disabled population is also on the rise. Individuals with disabilities living alone are situated at the intersection of the vulnerabilities inherent in single-person households and the limitations imposed by disability. As such, they are likely to be at a disadvantage, particularly in terms of healthcare access. “Unmet healthcare needs” serve as a representative indicator of healthcare access, and individuals with disabilities tend to report higher rates of unmet healthcare needs compared to those without disabilities. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors associated with unmet healthcare needs among individuals with disabilities living alone, with the ultimate goal of contributing to the provision of foundational data for improving their access to healthcare services.
This study utilized data from the 2020 and 2023 National Survey of Disabled Persons, focusing on single-person households with disabilities under the age of 85. In order to identify the factors associated with their experiences and the causes of unmet medical needs, binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. Furthermore, by analyzing the 2020 data (during the COVID-19 outbreak period) and the 2023 data separately, the study examined changes in the experience of unmet medical needs among individuals with disabilities living alone over time.
During the COVID-19 outbreak period, individuals residing in non-metropolitan areas, those with lower income levels, those with chronic conditions, those with limited access to health information, those who experienced discrimination when using medical institutions, and those not receiving personal assistance services were more likely to report unmet healthcare needs. In the 2023 data, unmet healthcare needs were more likely among individuals with lower income levels, physical disabilities affecting mobility, longer durations of disability, higher IADL(Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) scores, limited access to health information, and those not using personal assistance services.
The most notable temporal differences were pronounced in the variables of “residential area,” “presence of chronic disease,” and “experience of discrimination when using medical institutions.” These variables were statistically significant only during the COVID-19 outbreak period, indicating that the access to healthcare for individuals with disabilities living alone declined in a manner distinct from normal circumstances during a public health crisis. Some medical institutions prioritized infectious disease control by converting themselves into COVID-19 dedicated hospitals or shutting down entirely. At the same time, disparities in healthcare infrastructure between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas became evident, leading to a higher likelihood of unmet healthcare needs among residents in non-metropolitan regions. Additionally, individuals with chronic conditions who typically have a higher and more consistent need for medical services were more likely to experience unmet healthcare needs. The experience of discrimination in medical institutions indicates a lack of adequate social consideration for vulnerable populations during the public health crisis.
This study is significant in that it is the first study to examine the current state of healthcare access among individuals with disabilities living alone—an issue that has not been sufficiently highlighted in social and policy discussions. In particular, by conducting a temporal analysis, the study identifies the factors that hinder healthcare access for individuals with disabilities living alone in the context of a public health crisis. The findings confirm that multidimensional factors influence the occurrence of unmet medical needs among this population. Moreover, the impact of each factor varies depending on the specific causes of unmet healthcare needs.
Given the expansion of community-based independent living support and de-institutionalization policies, the number of individuals with disabilities living alone is anticipated to steadily increase. Accordingly, it is essential that the future health policies take into full account both the unique characteristics of this population and the specific factors that contribute to barriers in healthcare access. Based on this understanding, it is hoped that a social environment can be fostered in which the health rights of individuals with disabilities living alone are sufficiently protected.