The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the establishment, activities, and institutional position of the Women’s Bureau under the U.S. Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK), and to examine the relationship between the state and right-wing women’...
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the establishment, activities, and institutional position of the Women’s Bureau under the U.S. Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK), and to examine the relationship between the state and right-wing women’s movements in South Korea as mediated through the Bureau. This study adopts the concept of Cold War Feminism as an analytical framework in order to capture the complex character of the Women’s Bureau, which cannot be reduced either to the unilateral imposition of U.S. occupation policies or to the autonomous agency of Korean women’s movements. In this thesis, Cold War Feminism refers to the ideology and practices through which South Korean right-wing women’s movements were mobilized to advance U.S. Cold War strategies while simultaneously appropriating these conditions as opportunities for women’s advancement. As the first governmental institution dedicated to women’s issues in Korea, the Women’s Bureau functioned as a key institutional site in which South Korean Cold War Feminism was concretely realized.
The establishment of the Women’s Bureau in mid-1946 resulted from the convergence of political conditions on the Korean Peninsula, severe socioeconomic crises, and plans for international engagement by Korean and American women’s organizations. Following the creation of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, women’s issues emerged as an important indicator of national legitimacy. In a context in which the United States and the Soviet Union competed for popular support among Koreans, women’s policies became a symbolic arena through which the superiority of occupation policies could be demonstrated.
Under these circumstances, Whang-Kyung Koh, a leading right-wing Korean woman activist, proposed the establishment of the Women’s Bureau to the U.S. Military Government. She sought to secure educational assistance from American women’s organizations by aligning the Bureau’s international activities with U.S.-led international women’s movements. Through this strategy, Koh envisioned the participation of elite Korean women in U.S.-directed reconstruction efforts as a means of facilitating women’s entry into the public sphere. However, women’s public roles were narrowly defined through gendered assumptions that linked welfare and education to women’s duties as wives and mothers. This vision reflected the continuity of colonial-era experiences in which Christian women educated in American-style home economics gained access to the public sphere through cooperation with state authorities. The occupation and intensifying Cold War tensions obscured these continuities under the label of “democratic” women’s movements.
The Women’s Bureau Ordinance listed a wide range of issues—including labor, welfare, health, suffrage, and the abolition of licensed prostitution—that were frequently raised by the public and the press. This comprehensive framing simultaneously reflected the intention of right-wing women’s movements to claim leadership over women’s issues and the U.S. Military Government’s effort to reorganize women’s movements into controllable forms within the Cold War order. Consequently, the establishment of the Women’s Bureau represented the institutionalization of South Korean Cold War Feminism at the intersection of occupation authority, international women’s movements, and elite Korean women activists.
Despite the ordinance’s broad scope, the Bureau’s actual policy measures focused primarily on educational activities such as lectures and training programs. These initiatives failed to bring about meaningful improvements in the lives of women who were suffering from extreme poverty. Women’s advancement into the public sphere was designed through cooperation with occupation authorities rather than confrontation, resulting in the exclusion of structural socioeconomic inequalities from the core agenda of women’s policy. This orientation marked an early formation of the welfare- and education-centered approach that would repeatedly characterize women’s policies in postwar South Korea.
The institutional position of the Women’s Bureau remained unstable due to the U.S. Military Government’s limited interest in women’s policy and resistance from male bureaucrats. In response, women affiliated with the Bureau strategically mobilized Cold War discourses both domestically and internationally. Activities related to the UN Commission on the Status of Women, expanded exchanges with American women’s organizations, and election education and “motherhood” programs during the establishment of a separate South Korean government exemplified the concrete practices of South Korean Cold War Feminism. Within the Cold War framework, the Women’s Bureau was promoted as evidence of the success of U.S. occupation policy, while women’s education and “family reform” became defined as the Bureau’s primary functions in the emerging state.
In sum, South Korean Cold War Feminism during the U.S. Military Government period exhibited a clear ambivalence. It succeeded in preserving a governmental institution for women’s affairs and enhancing the political visibility of women’s issues. At the same time, by translating women’s problems into the language of formal democracy, it failed to address the structural socioeconomic inequalities faced by the majority of women. Cold War Feminism enabled women’s entry into the public sphere, yet simultaneously constrained both the direction and substance of that participation.