Background: Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) act as reservoirs for various zoonotic parasites. Therefore, monitoring raccoon dogs could be relevant to human health. Although they are opportunistic omnivores whose behavior and diet change season...
Background: Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) act as reservoirs for various zoonotic parasites. Therefore, monitoring raccoon dogs could be relevant to human health. Although they are opportunistic omnivores whose behavior and diet change seasonally, very few studies have described how their fecal parasitic community varies across seasons. For this reason, this study used DNA metabarcoding, which is well-suited for community-level analysis, to (1) characterize and compare the parasitic communities of raccoon dog feces sampled in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, and (2) identify zoonotic parasites, parasites that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
Methods: In this study, we collected and identified a total of 27 fecal samples from rice paddies in Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do, with six samples in autumn and seven in each of the other seasons. After sample collection, DNA metabarcoding targeting the 18S rRNA gene of nine groups of parasites was conducted. Based on the metabarcoding results, we calculated the relative abundances of the detected zero-radius operational taxonomic units (ZOTUs) and evaluated both within-sample (α) and between-sample (β) diversity, and performed taxonomic assignment for these ZOTUs. To characterize α diversity, we calculated the Chao1 estimator for parasite richness and the Shannon index to reflect both parasite richness and evenness. β diversity, in terms of the similarity in community membership (i.e., presence–absence of detected species) and community structure (i.e., abundance of detected species), was assessed using the Jaccard index and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity, respectively. Taxonomic assignment was performed using NCBI BLAST, and for zoonotic parasites, we additionally conducted neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree analyses.
Results: Diversity analyses showed that for α diversity, such as parasite species richness, there were differences between summer and autumn. For β diversity, except for community membership between spring and summer, both membership and structure differed among all seasonal pairs. Taxonomic assignment results showed that a total of 26 genera belonging to target parasite groups were detected. The highest number of genera was observed in autumn (16 genera), whereas the lowest was observed in winter (12 genera). Three zoonotic parasite species were detected, among which Toxocara cati has not previously been reported in raccoon dogs.
Conclusion: In this study, we used DNA metabarcoding to investigate seasonal changes in the fecal parasitome of raccoon dogs. Parasite community composition varied, particularly in terms of community membership and structure. Also, we detected three parasite species that can cause zoonotic diseases. Taken together, our findings suggest that since zoonotic parasites were detected from raccoon dogs, surveillance of this species could provide insights into its potential impacts on human health. Moreover, given the seasonal variation in their fecal parasitome, such surveillance should not be limited to a single season but should be conducted year-round.