Macrophages are scavenger cells responsible for the clearance of pathogens and dying/transformed cells by phagocytosis. They are highly plastic innate immune cells with remarkable heterogeneity: thus, their phagocytic behaviors are likely to vary depe...
Macrophages are scavenger cells responsible for the clearance of pathogens and dying/transformed cells by phagocytosis. They are highly plastic innate immune cells with remarkable heterogeneity: thus, their phagocytic behaviors are likely to vary depending on environmental cues. For example, they may engulf the entire target cells through phagocytosis, but they may acquire portions of target cells via trogocytosis. So far, the phagocytic behaviors of macrophages have been primarily analyzed based on binary criteria, whether they have acquired any fragments of the target cells or not, while comprehensive analysis of trogocytosis has been limited. In this study, we devised a flow cytometry-based method to quantitatively assess detailed phagocytic behaviors of macrophages and applied it to human primary macrophages differentiated in various biochemical/biophysical settings. First, monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were differentiated to macrophages by treating them with M-CSF or GM-CSF, and further polarized to M1 or M2 via exposure to LPS/IFN-γ or IL-4, respectively. Then, the morphology, phenotype, and phagocytic behaviors the differentiated and polarized cells were analyzed. The morphology and phagocytic behaviors of macrophages were primarily influenced by types of macrophage differentiation factors, such as M-CSF and GM-CSF, rather than M1/M2 polarization. Macrophages differentiated with M-CSF (M-MFs) exhibited elongated shapes and performed active membrane trogocytosis, whereas macrophages differentiated with GM-CSF (GM-MFs) were rounded and exhibited a significant reduction in overall phagocytic activities in comparison to M-MFs. In addition, macrophages were plated on nanogrooved substrates, which are known to induce cell elongation along the groove direction, and their morphology and phagocytic behavior were assessed to test whether morphology is a key factor regulating phagocytic behaviors.