Spintronics is a research field that aims to go beyond conventional charge-based electronic devices by exploiting the spin of electron. Since magnetism fundamentally originates from the spin of bound electron, spintronics is deeply connected to magnet...
Spintronics is a research field that aims to go beyond conventional charge-based electronic devices by exploiting the spin of electron. Since magnetism fundamentally originates from the spin of bound electron, spintronics is deeply connected to magnetism and magnetic materials. Although it is wisely known that magnetization responds to external magnetic fields, magnetic-field-based control is difficult to implement in practical devices due to stray field. Consequently, achieving reliable control of magnetization using electric currents is essential for technological applications. Among current-driven approaches, field-free switching has attracted significant attention because of its direct relevance to the memory devices based on conventional binary logic. As the name implies, field-free switching refers to magnetization reversal without external magnetic fields. Realizing such switching requires a symmetry-breaking component, which enables deterministic current-induced control of magnetic states.
One promising candidate for this symmetry-breaking component is the spin swapping effect. The spin swapping effect is a recently proposed mechanism for generating spin currents, where the propagation direction and spin polarization of a spin current are interchanged and a new spin current is generated. Since this effect generates spin polarization perpendicular to that of conventional spin–orbit torque (SOT), it can serve as an effective symmetry-breaking component. As the spin swapping effect is related to electron transport phenomena, we investigated by using magnetic domain walls as a probe.
To observe domain-wall behavior, we employed both polar magneto-optical Kerr effect (p-MOKE) microscopy and laser-based MOKE techniques to visualize the magnetic states of the samples. By combining electromagnets capable of applying magnetic fields along the z and x directions with a current supply, we established an experimental setup suitable for investigating current-induced domain wall motion.
Previous studies of the spin swapping effect were conducted exclusively in samples consisting of two or more magnetic layers, where a spin current generated in one magnetic layer is modified by the spin swapping effect and subsequently injected into another magnetic layer. However, the spin swapping effect can also occur in samples composed of a single magnetic layer. In this work, we successfully observed the self-spin swapping effect experimentally while some metals such as Au enhance the spin swapping effect, whereas the other metals such as Pt act as spin sinks that suppress spin information. Furthermore, the magnitude of the effect is not determined only by material composition but also depends strongly on the sample structure. In symmetric structures, contributions from the top and bottom layer are cancelled out, while one contribution dominates and leads to a substantial net effect in asymmetric structures.
We further extended our investigation from the self-spin swapping effect to the external spin swapping effect. In magnetic multilayer structures, self- and external spin swapping effects can coexist, making their separation essential. We established a parity-based measurement scheme that enables clear discrimination between these two effects and allows their quantitative comparison.
In addition, using an experimental setup capable of probing current-induced motion, we studied the skyrmion Hall effect and current-induced stochasticity. The skyrmion Hall effect is one of the defining characteristics of magnetic skyrmions, which are topological spin textures, and is analogous to other Hall effects in that skyrmions acquire a velocity component transverse to the direction of the applied current. By examining a series of samples with a wide range of magnetic parameters, we experimentally analyzed the skyrmion Hall effect and confirmed the theoretically predicted behavior.
Finally, by repeatedly measuring purely current-induced motion, we investigated the stochastic nature of domain-wall dynamics as a function of velocity. Domain walls are known to exhibit stochastic motion, which is highly undesirable for device applications. To emulate realistic device operation, we examined how domain-wall stochasticity changes under successive current pulses. Our results show that stochasticity decreases sharply at very high velocities, indicating that reliability of domain-wall motion enhances in the high-speed regime.
In this work, we systematically investigated spin swapping effects using domain walls and explored the dynamics of spin textures such as domain walls and skyrmions. Through these studies, we experimentally validated a novel electron-transport mechanism and established measurement methodologies that are expected to be broadly applicable in future research. Ultimately, we anticipate that these findings will contribute to practical spintronic applications and promote the development of next-generation devices.