Terpenoids represent one of the most structurally diverse and industrially significant classes of natural products, with established applications in pharmaceuticals, fragrances, specialty chemicals, and renewable fuels. Despite major advances in metab...
Terpenoids represent one of the most structurally diverse and industrially significant classes of natural products, with established applications in pharmaceuticals, fragrances, specialty chemicals, and renewable fuels. Despite major advances in metabolic engineering, microbial production of monoterpenes such as limonene remains challenging due to limited precursor availability, poor functional expression of plant-derived terpene synthases, and intrinsic product cytotoxicity. The ultrafast-growing, non-pathogenic bacterium Vibrio natriegens has recently emerged as a promising host for high productivity biomanufacturing, yet its potential for terpenoid biosynthesis has not been systematically explored. This study establishes a foundational framework for limonene biosynthesis in V. natriegens by integrating precursor pathway enhancement, heterologous enzyme expression, and CRISPR interference–based translational regulation.
A previously engineered V. natriegens strain harboring a genomically integrated heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathway served as the base platform. To further enhance precursor availability, the endogenous methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway was reinforced by expressing a polycistronic operon encoding the key bottleneck enzymes DXS, DXR, and IDI. Increases in pathway flux were assessed through quantitative measurement of isopentenol, which served as a metabolic indicator of intracellular IPP/DMAPP availability.
Multiple limonene biosynthetic operons were constructed by combining different geranyl or neryl pyrophosphate synthases with plant-derived limonene synthases. To address the poor solubility of limonene synthase in V. natriegens, N-terminal truncation and SUMO-fusion strategies were applied. Although SUMO fusion significantly improved soluble expression of limonene synthase, limonene production remained at extremely low levels under all tested conditions, indicating that enhanced solubility alone is insufficient to enable efficient monoterpene biosynthesis in this host.
To enable tunable redistribution of isoprenoid precursors, a translation-level CRISPR interference (Tl-CRISPRi) system optimized for V. natriegens was established. The system was systematically characterized using genomically integrated fluorescent reporters, followed by targeted knockdown of the native ispB gene, a major consumer of downstream isoprenoid intermediates. Efficient and inducible repression of ispB was confirmed at the protein level, demonstrating the applicability of Tl-CRISPRi for regulating essential metabolic branch points in terpenoid biosynthesis.
Collectively, this work identifies key metabolic and physiological constraints that limit monoterpene production in V. natriegens and establishes essential genetic and regulatory tools for subsequent pathway optimization. These findings advance V. natriegens as a promising microbial chassis for industrial terpenoid synthesis and lay the groundwork for achieving enhanced limonene production through integrated metabolic rewiring.