Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a globally distributed obligate intracellular protozoan with high seroprevalence, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It has evolved diverse molecular mechanisms to manipulate host cellular signaling for ...
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a globally distributed obligate intracellular protozoan with high seroprevalence, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It has evolved diverse molecular mechanisms to manipulate host cellular signaling for its survival. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of its effector proteins as bioactive molecules with therapeutic value beyond parasitology. In this study, I investigated the regulatory role of the T. gondii dense granule protein 16 (GRA16) in the metabolic reprogramming of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, with an emphasis on its effect on aerobic glycolysis, a hallmark of tumor metabolism known as the “Warburg effect”. Stable expression of GRA16 in HCT116 CRC cells suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT and NF-κB, leading to the downregulation of c-Myc and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). These changes collectively reduced the expression of glycolytic enzymes (HK2, LDHA) and glucose and lactate transporters (GLUTs, MCTs), resulting in decreased glucose uptake and lactate production. Functionally, GRA16 induced G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis while enhancing the chemosensitivity of CRC cells to irinotecan. GRA16 and irinotecan combination further elevated p53 activation and γ-H2A.X, indicating amplified DNA damage and apoptotic signaling. These findings identify GRA16 as a T. gondii-derived metabolic suppressor capable of attenuating glycolytic activation of CRC and overcoming glucose-mediated chemoresistance. This study underscores the biomedical significance of T. gondii effectors as novel therapeutic resources linking parasitology to cancer metabolism research.