Biodiversity loss can lead to an increase in endangered species, which are particularly vulnerable to inbreeding, genetic drift, and environmental change due to small population sizes and low genetic diversity. Therefore, conservation efforts are esse...
Biodiversity loss can lead to an increase in endangered species, which are particularly vulnerable to inbreeding, genetic drift, and environmental change due to small population sizes and low genetic diversity. Therefore, conservation efforts are essential to enhance the long-term viability of endangered species, with priority given to keystone species that have a disproportionate influence on ecosystem functions. Conserving such keystone species can contribute not only to ecosystem stability but also to the maintenance of biodiversity across habitats.
Effective conservation of endangered species requires complementary implementation of in situ conservation in natural habitats and ex situ conservation in zoos and conservation institutions. Recently, animal welfare has been recognized as a key factor influencing survival, reproductive success, and the maintenance of genetic diversity, thereby affecting long-term conservation outcomes. Accordingly, integrative approaches such as compassionate conservation and conservation welfare have been proposed to link conservation and animal welfare. However, species-specific studies that apply these perspectives remain limited.
Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) are keystone species in aquatic ecosystems and an endangered species of high conservation value in South Korea. Nevertheless, previous research has primarily focused on the distribution of wild populations and assessment of habitat status. Consequently, long-term conservation management that considers both wild and captive populations—particularly the linkage between population-level genetic management and individual-level welfare—has been comparatively limited.
Accordingly, this study aimed to support the long-term conservation of Eurasian otters by developing fecal sampling strategies for monitoring both wild and captive populations and proposing genetic management strategies based on analyses of the genetic sustainability in captive populations. In addition, factors influencing hair cortisol concentration, a physiological indicator of chronic stress, were examined, and welfare levels and their influencing factors in captive environments were comprehensively analyzed.
In Chapter 1, environmental factors affecting the quality of Eurasian otter fecal DNA were analyzed, and a non-invasive sampling strategy suitable for South Korean climate was proposed. In both summer and winter, PCR amplification success rates tended to decrease and genotyping error rates tend to increase with longer exposure time. This deterioration in fecal DNA quality occurred more rapidly under the hot and humid conditions of summer. These findings suggest that sampling under cold and dry conditions of winter can yield more reliable data, and that when sampling is unavoidable during summer, it is recommended to use fresh fecal samples collected within one day of defecation. The findings of this chapter could be used to develop efficient and standardized fecal sampling strategies applicable to future monitoring of both wild and captive otter populations.
In Chapter 2, the long-term genetic sustainability of the captive population in South Korea was evaluated using PMx simulations, and genetic management strategies were proposed. Pedigree-based analyses showed that the current Ne/N ratio was calculated to be 0. However, assuming other variables remain at their current levels, maintaining an Ne/N ratio of at least 0.1247 was projected to retain more than 90% of genetic diversity after 100 years. Accordingly, improving the Ne/N ratio was identified as a priority management goal to ensure the long-term genetic stability of the captive population. In addition, reductions in the introduction of wild founders to one-half or one quarter of the current level were expected to negatively affect genetic diversity maintenance. However, increasing the Ne/N ratio to at least 0.22 or 0.41, respectively enabled the defined genetic goal to be achieved. Considering potential fluctuations in the availability of wild individuals (founders), the findings highlight the need to reduce dependence on wild individuals inputs and to secure genetic stability by systematically improving the Ne/N ratio within the captive population.
In Chapter 3, factors influencing hair cortisol concentration were analyzed to assess its utility as an indicator of chronic stress. Juveniles showed significantly higher hair cortisol concentration than adults, suggesting possible effects of growth related energy demands or higher sensitivity to environmental conditions. In contrast, no significant differences were observed by sex or housing type. Additionally, some individuals with diseases showed exceptionally high HCC, indicating that health status is a potential factor to consider when interpreting HCC. The findings of this chapter suggest that identifying key considerations for interpreting hair cortisol concentration may contribute to the reliable application of this indicator in physiological welfare assessments of otters.
In Chapter 4, welfare status was evaluated for 17 captive Eurasian otters housed in eight enclosures across six zoos in South Korea using a modified Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG). While physical welfare was generally good, poor welfare status was identified for procedural factors such as restraint and visitor score. A significant positive correlation was observed between restraint and training, suggesting that positive reinforcement training may help to mitigate restraint-related stress. In addition, correlations between environmental factors and abnormal behaviors indicated that improvements in enclosure design may be important for enhancing psychological welfare. Although no significant association was found between hair cortisol concentration and welfare factors, this chapter underscored the need to refine welfare assessment indicators, expand sample sizes, and improve hair sampling strategies in future research.
Overall, this study linked in situ and ex situ conservation for an endangered Eurasian otter and presented long-term conservation strategies that jointly considers population-level genetic management with individual-level welfare assessment. Unlike previous studies that have discussed integrating conservation and welfare mainly at a conceptual level, this study applied that perspective to a single species by linking fecal DNA based genetic monitoring strategies, genetic management of captive population, analyses of factors influencing a chronic stress indicator, and comprehensive welfare assessment within a single long-term conservation research framework. The approaches and findings can serve as a useful reference for advancing and implementing long-term management strategies for the Eurasian otter conservation.