It seems that the criminal justice system and the concept of negotiation or agreement are incompatible. The goal of criminal justice is generally understood to be the discovery of truth under due process, and the imposition of criminal punishment prop...
It seems that the criminal justice system and the concept of negotiation or agreement are incompatible. The goal of criminal justice is generally understood to be the discovery of truth under due process, and the imposition of criminal punishment proportionate to the offender’s culpability. In this light, negotiating with offenders appears to entail abandoning these fundamental objectives of criminal justice and improperly bargaining truth for the convenience of judicial authorities. Because the agreement mechanism originated in the adversarial system of common law, it may also appear unacceptable in Korea, which has adopted a continental law based criminal justice system grounded in the principle of substantive truth.
However, this perception largely stems from misunderstanding. The agreement mechanism in criminal procedure is not limited to the American-style plea bargaining. Depending on its design, the agreement can enhance procedural efficiency, serve as a useful tool for discovering the truth, and even provide a valuable opportunity for crime prevention. Adopting the agreement mechanism in criminal procedure has become an irreversible global trend. Although the practice originated in the United States, major civil law jurisdictions such as Germany, France, and Japan have also introduced and operated agreement systems tailored to their own legal traditions and circumstances. As of today, 30 out of the 38 OECD member states have adopted some form of agreement mechanism in their criminal legal systems. Moreover, international conventions, such as the “United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)” and the “United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC)”, explicitly recommend the introduction of leniency for judicial cooperators in certain categories of crimes. This represents a major shift that has taken place within the past two decades.
There are common reasons why many countries have decided to introduce the agreement mechanism into their criminal procedures. As societies grow increasingly complex, crimes have become more organized, sophisticated, and transnational. Wealthy defendants, often assisted by numerous lawyers, exploit procedural loopholes to delay proceedings, by requesting irrelevant evidence, filing motions to recuse judges or prosecutors, and nitpicking procedural details, which impede the discovery of the substantial truth.Meanwhile, prosecutorial and judicial resources are limited, and the state has few effective tools to counter such tactics. Korea is facing the same challenges. Over the past several years, the criminal justice system in Korea has undergone significant change. The ‘low-cost, high-efficiency’ criminal justice system in Korea is transforming into a ‘high-cost, low-efficiency’ structure.
This article seeks to examine the introduction of agreement mechanism as one possible means of addressing the challenges facing the criminal justice system of Korea. This article is based on comparative legal research, and examines the status of agreement mechanism in criminal procedure and explores their potential applicability to Korea. While building upon prior studies, this article aims to supplement areas that have been insufficiently addressed in existing scholarship in the following respects. First, it grounds the analysis in the latest global developments and the rapidly evolving Korean criminal justice landscape. Second, drawing on foreign literature, this article provides a precise analysis of the agreement mechanism in major jurisdictions and closely examines the debates and legal issues that arose during their adoption, thereby deriving comparative legal implications. Third, this article categorizes the agreement mechanism that may be envisaged in criminal procedure into three broad types and analyzes each separately: (1) plea bargaining, which primarily aims to enhance the efficiency of criminal justice; (2) leniency for judicial cooperators, which primarily aim to facilitate the discovery of truth; and (3) deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) and non-prosecution agreements (NPAs), which are specific to corporate crime and primarily aim to promote corporate restructuring and prevent future offenses.
Chapter 2 examines whether the introduction of agreement mechanism can be justified by the principles of criminal law. If the legitimacy of punishment is understood from a teleological or utilitarian perspective, such as crime prevention or the maintenance of legal peace, it may be justified. If the discovery of substantive truth is understood as a process of reconstructing past events as accurately as possible through lawful procedures, it may be recognized as one of the procedural means for fact-finding. By contrast, the agreement mechanism in criminal procedure stands in tension with absolutist retributivism, strict notions of culpability, and the concept of absolute truth. It seems that countries that have embraced the agreement mechanism have, to some extent, retreated from principles derived from absolutist perspectives.
Chapter 3 seeks to derive comparative legal insights by examining why other countries chose to introduce the agreement mechanism despite the tension with the principle of traditional retributive justice or the principle of culpability, and what measures were taken to prevent the erosion of other fundamental principles in the process. It reviews the legislative background, legal basis, and specific content of the agreement mechanism introduced into the criminal justice systems of the United States, Germany, France, Japan, and the United Kingdom, as well as the legal issues during adoption and operation of the agreement mechanism. The agreement mechanism employed in international criminal adjudication is also examined.
Chapter 4 considers that the criminal justice system of Korea is compatible with the agreement mechanism, by examining legal bases for it already exist in the statutes and sentencing guidelines. It also examines that some types of the agreement mechanism are in fact taking place in practice on this basis. Furthermore, recent legislation has introduced leniency system for certain violations of capital market laws and crimes investigated by special prosecutors. It seems that a certain level of consensus regarding the necessity of the agreement mechanism has already been formed.
Chapter 5 provides a general examination of whether the introduction of the agreement mechanism is necessary, feasible, and appropriate. First, it considers the necessity of such mechanisms in light of the realities of Korean criminal justice system. Next, it examines whether the agreement mechanism can be harmonized with transforming structure of criminal procedure and the prosecution system in Korea. Finally, it assesses whether the agreement mechanism infringe upon the constitutional rights of the defendant, or violate the principle of due process.
Chapter 6 distinguishes among plea bargaining, leniency for judicial cooperators, and DPA/NPA for corporate crime, and examines the necessity of introducing each type. Drawing on comparative legal analysis, it also seeks to propose desirable institutional designs that would minimize adverse effects and prevent abuse or misuse.
The current reform of the criminal justice system is Korea is carried out under the banner of the so-called “separation of investigation and prosecution”. In this environment, it would be difficult to discuss the introduction of the agreement mechanism in criminal procedure. Considering public sentiment, the likelihood of introducing such a system in the near future remains low. However, if ongoing reforms lead prosecutors to relinquish their role as firsthand investigative authorities, and the criminal procedure in Korea toward a more adversarial, common law style system. I think that this transformation would eventually lead to a discussion upon the introduction of the agreement mechanism.
The nation should be capable of responding effectively to crime, and criminal procedure must ensure the discovery of truth while adhering to due process. Then criminal justice can be properly realized. Many other countries have determined that the agreement mechanism can contribute to achieving these objectives. In light of this global trend, the time will come for Korea to seriously consider whether to introduce the agreement mechanism in its criminal procedure. I hope that this study will serve as a foundation for future discussions by providing basic reference materials on the various legal issues regarding the introduction of the agreement mechanism in the criminal justice system of Korea.