This study examines the recent expansion of strength training through personal training (PT) among women in their 20s and 30s, focusing on how strength training has become widespread among them and what kinds of practices and gendered effects are prod...
This study examines the recent expansion of strength training through personal training (PT) among women in their 20s and 30s, focusing on how strength training has become widespread among them and what kinds of practices and gendered effects are produced through it. Women’s strength training is conceptualized as both part of the process through which regulatory power operates via the gym space and as a form of gender performance. Drawing on Judith Butler’s discussions on gender performativity and the body, as well as Martina Löw’s concept of relational space, this study conceptualizes women’s strength training as part of the process through which regulatory power operates within the arrangements of gym spaces and analyzes how the spatial arrangements of gyms intervene in women’s strength training and gender performance. The analysis focuses on: (1) the socio-cultural conditions under which young women’s strength training has expanded; (2) the spatial arrangements of gym materialized through gender and their combination with PT systems; and (3) the gender performance and their effects enacted through strength training.
The findings are as follows. First, the expansion of strength training among young women emerged at the intersection of male-centered digital culture valorizing muscularity, online feminist discourses that reject conventional feminine body norms, and women’s bodily experiences around health issues. Although issues such as declining physical fitness, depression, and the demand for competitiveness in the labor market affect young people regardless of gender, the gym industry, expanded through the medicalization of these concerns, absorbed women as consumers, since they tend to exhibit higher levels of anxiety around health issues and have had fewer opportunities to engage in physical activity or reflexively face their own bodies. Social media “proof” cultures that regard muscularity as evidence of effort also legitimized and expnanded women’s participation in strength training. At the same time, the rapid expansion of gyms and intensified competition positioned PT systems, which foreground personalized instruction and management, as a primary source of revenue, shaping both gym spatial arrangements and women’s strength-training processes.
Second, the spatial arrangements of gyms were materialized on the basis of sexed knowledge of the body and conditioned women’s strength training processes. Machines and equipment in weight zones were designed according to the adult male body as the standard, making it difficult for some women with smaller stature or lower muscular strength to use and reinforcing the need for PT. Sexed knowledge that presupposes women’s limited potential for muscle development strengthened sex-based spatial divisions and paradoxically restricted women’s participation. While male members occupied broader physical, visual, and auditory space, women continued to self-discipline their bodily exposure under a persistent regime of male gaze. Moreover, trainers’ expertise was also constructed through sexed assumptions on body. Trainers’ bodies functioned as indicators of professional authority, embodying gendered ideals of the body, while biomedical measurements and expert gazes reproduced norms of the “healthy body.” Furthermore, muscle-related knowledge mobilized in PT linked women’s strength training to the simultaneous management of health and appearance.
Third, under conditions that constrained young women’s entry into male-dominated weight zones, women engaged in strength training through PT. They experienced their bodies in new ways, expanding previously limited bodily movements and perceptions. Some women who had experienced depression developed immersive practices through sensations and bodily flow generated by strength training, engaging in forms of self-care. Drawn by these bodily sensations and pleasure, some women began to occupy strength training spaces more broadly and for longer duration. However, such bodily transformations and possibilities of spatial expansion were largely conditioned by the content and methods of PT instruction, while continued regime of male gaze constrained women’s bodily movements. During these processes, phenomenological differences between men and women in strength, as well as gender-biased knowledge and learning opportunities, led women to accept the biological sex binary as biologically innate and self-evident. Moreover, limited opportunities for interaction among women in PT systems and conversations oriented around gendered body norms hindered the sharing of women’s bodily experiences and the production of alternative knowledge that could challenge male-centered knowledge and space.
By focusing on women’s strength-training processes and the sociao-material relations that intervene in them, this study demonstrates how the spatial arrangements of gym materialize sexed bodily differences and reproduce related dilemmas through professional knowledge and appearance norms. It raises critical questions about the male-centered, able-bodied assumptions embedded in hierarchies and knowledge surrounding muscle and strength. Finally, it argues for the need to reconfigure existing knowledge and instructional practices of muscle-building by foregrounding diverse bodily experiences that are produced at the intersections of age, generation, gender, class, disability, and other axes.