This thesis aims to determine the character of Derrida’s concept of forgiveness. The fundamental presupposition of Derrida’s discussion of forgiveness is the distinction between unconditional forgiveness and conditional forgiveness. Among these, c...
This thesis aims to determine the character of Derrida’s concept of forgiveness. The fundamental presupposition of Derrida’s discussion of forgiveness is the distinction between unconditional forgiveness and conditional forgiveness. Among these, conditional forgiveness corresponds to forgiveness as it is ordinarily practiced in everyday life. Generally, forgiveness has purposes such as reconciliation and, for the sake of those purposes, demands conditions such as the offender’s repentance and expiation. The conditionality that Derrida seeks to identify within such everyday forgiveness is the order of exchange, the order of certainty. That is, conditional forgiveness is forgiveness grounded in an order of certainty in which, once a particular input is given and certain conditions are satisfied, an output commensurate with them is produced, and in knowledge of that order. By contrast, unconditional forgiveness signifies forgiveness beyond such everyday situations. This forgiveness requires no condition whatsoever, such as the offender’s repentance, and even forgives what is unforgivable, in other words, what exceeds the conditions of forgiveness. Derrida underscores the demand for such unconditional forgiveness with the dictum “forgiving the unforgivable.”
With respect to this distinction between unconditional and conditional forgiveness, existing studies have interpreted the meaning of Derrida’s concept of forgiveness as weighted toward the notion of unconditional forgiveness, or have taken its justification to require a constant orientation toward unconditional forgiveness. In contrast, the claim advanced by this thesis is as follows. The meaning of Derridean forgiveness can in no way be weighted toward either conditional or unconditional forgiveness alone, and its justification is possible only through an unceasing negotiation between the two. This thesis examines this claim by focusing on two issues: the relation between unconditional and conditional forgiveness, and the concept of perjury. Regarding the relation between unconditional and conditional forgiveness, this thesis will specify the meaning of that relation through the motif which Derrida presents as “aporia,” thereby showing that neither a dichotomous schema nor a hierarchy can be established between them. Regarding perjury, this thesis will exemplify, through the relation that forgiveness maintains with perjury, that the justification of forgiveness cannot remain at purity or unconditionality.
For the development of the argument, the first half of this thesis is devoted to the meaning and the possibility of Derridean, or deconstructive, forgiveness, and the second half to the justification of such forgiveness and to its possibility. In the first half, in examining the meaning of Derridean forgiveness, I will first present the concepts related to that forgiveness, with “deconstruction” at the forefront. These concepts will provide issues concerning both the meaning of the concept and the possibility of that very meaning, for the understanding of the concept of Derridean forgiveness. What this thesis intends to present concerning these issues is as follows. First, in the context of deconstruction, the meaning of a concept can be established only as what is neither truth nor meaninglessness but solely finite between them, as something that exists only as repetition within such finitude. Further, such finitude of meaning requires, in the inheritance of meaning, an activity—namely, a performative determination that appropriates and subsumes a domain that, by virtue of that finitude, takes the place of an impossibility. And, since forgiveness is situated within the context of deconstruction, the concept of forgiveness also bears its meaning within finitude and is situated as part of a performative determination.
Next to be discussed is the relation between unconditional and conditional forgiveness. In that section, this thesis argues that the relation between the two can by no means be established as a hierarchical schema weighted toward unconditional forgiveness. To this end, it will take as its framework Derrida’s claim that, although the two are irreducible to each other, they are always indissociable. Derrida articulates this relation through the concept of “aporia.” Aporia signifies a situation in which a decision concerning what is undecidable is compelled. In the domain of forgiveness, this is disclosed through the interlocking of unconditional and conditional forgiveness. First, the two form an irreducible relation of uncertainty and certainty, or of alterity and identity. Yet the two can be established as forgiveness—as a performative determination, as a repetition of finite meaning—only when they refer to and presuppose one another. This aporia binds the two in an indissociable relation and compels a forcible appropriation between them, in other words, compels negotiation. Within such a configuration, unconditional forgiveness is always exposed to contamination by conditional forgiveness, and conditional forgiveness always refers to unconditional forgiveness.
The second half of the thesis first addresses the concept of perjury. What this thesis proposes concerning perjury is that the performative determination discussed in the first half can take place only while always accompanying such perjury and only on the presupposition of such perjury. A performative determination necessarily relates to the domain of impossibility, namely, the domain of alterity. This relation is the acceptance of such alterity as alterity, and Derrida describes it as an oath of fidelity to that alterity. Yet a performative determination also carries out a violent appropriation of the domain of alterity. This appropriation is established precisely as a betrayal of that oath, that is, as perjury. In addition, since a performative determination arises from confronting some alterity, it always presupposes that an existing order, meaning, or norm has been established as finite. And the finitude of the existing order implies that its establishment cannot be fully justified by itself, namely, that it has occurred as a forcible appropriation with respect to alterity. Therefore, forgiveness, as part of a performative determination, is always enacted as perjury and on the presupposition of perjury.
This inseparable relation between forgiveness and perjury determines the character of the justification of forgiveness. Unlike existing studies that seek to ground Derridean justification in pure forgiveness, as discussed in relation to the context of deconstruction, such pure justification is impossible because forgiveness itself is constituted only as perjury, and its justification can be secured only finitely. Moreover, even if unconditionality always points to the limits of that finitude, unconditionality—namely, the very concept of pure forgiveness—cannot be regarded as an ideal point of orientation. And the securing of such finite justification is possible only through a performative determination of the form of perjury, that is, only through negotiation and decision between unconditional and conditional forgiveness within an aporetic situation.