In this study, Cu/Zn imidazolate was directly grown on the surface of cotton fibers to develop a dual-functional hygienic fabric that simultaneously achieves superhydrophobic anti-adhesion and a bactericidal effect mediated by reactive oxygen species ...
In this study, Cu/Zn imidazolate was directly grown on the surface of cotton fibers to develop a dual-functional hygienic fabric that simultaneously achieves superhydrophobic anti-adhesion and a bactericidal effect mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ZIF-L (zeolitic imidazolate framework-L) structure formed a micro–nano hierarchical roughness on the fiber surface, enabling superhydrophobicity without the need for an additional low-surface-energy coating. However, because ZIF-L alone shows limited ROS generation under dark conditions, Cu was incorporated to create Cu–N active sites. According to previously reported Cu–N-based ROS generation mechanisms, (1) the increased electron density at the Cu–N coordination site enhances the adsorption and activation of oxygen, (2) the activated oxygen accepts electrons from Cu⁺ to form •O2⁻, and (3) ROS is produced under dark conditions through reversible Cu⁺/Cu2⁺ redox cycling. This mechanism was experimentally supported by p-nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) and methylene blue (MB) indicator reactions, where both •O2⁻ and •OH production increased clearly with higher Cu content.
The antibacterial performance of the Cu/Zn imidazolate fabric was further verified through complementary analyses. In a liquid culture environment, samples with a high Cu:Zn ratio showed a rapid decrease in viable cells and a corresponding increase in dead cells, demonstrating strong bactericidal activity. 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate(DCFH-DA) based intracellular oxidative stress analysis confirmed that bacterial death was caused by ROS-induced chemical damage rather than structural disruption. Similar antibacterial behavior was observed when bacteria were in direct contact with the fabric surface. Quantitative analysis of surface-adhered bacteria revealed that the superhydrophobic structure initially suppressed bacterial attachment, while over time, as the liquid penetrated the microstructure, ROS generated at the Cu–N active sites acted directly on attached bacteria, decreasing viable cells and increasing dead cells. Samples with a higher Cu content exhibited stronger bactericidal effect, although their superhydrophobic retention time was shorter, resulting in a relatively faster increase in bacterial attachment once wetting occurred. Conversely, samples with lower Cu content maintained superhydrophobicity longer and achieved prolonged anti-adhesion, yet showed limited bactericidal activity due to lower ROS generation.
Overall, by controlling the Cu:Zn composition and surface activation conditions, this study demonstrates a dual antibacterial fabric that integrates superhydrophobic anti-adhesion with ROS-based bactericidal functionality. These results suggest a customizable antibacterial textile design strategy in which the balance between anti-adhesion and bactericidal effects can be tuned depending on practical requirements in real use environments.