Background
Intravenous sedation is an effective method for alleviating anxiety and pain during dental treatment, thereby improving patient cooperation. It has been widely used not only in pediatric and special-needs dentistry but also for adult patien...
Background
Intravenous sedation is an effective method for alleviating anxiety and pain during dental treatment, thereby improving patient cooperation. It has been widely used not only in pediatric and special-needs dentistry but also for adult patients with severe dental fear. Because it enhances both patient comfort and clinical efficiency, the clinical utilization of IV sedation has increased in recent years.
However, most sedative agents used for IV sedation are classified as psychotropic or controlled substances, requiring strict regulation regarding storage, administration, and disposal. Previous studies on dental sedation practices have mainly relied on surveys, single-institution retrospective analyses, or national insurance claim databases. These methods are limited by subjectivity and the exclusion of non-reimbursed data, making it difficult to assess the nationwide status objectively.
Since IV sedation is mostly performed as a non-insured procedure, the actual usage patterns have not been captured in data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) or Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). Following the 2018 amendment to the Narcotics Control Act, all medical institutions in Korea are mandated to report the manufacture, import, administration, dispensing, and disposal of narcotics and psychotropic drugs through the Narcotics Information Management System (NIMS). This enables the acquisition of comprehensive national-level data on the use of IV sedatives regardless of insurance status.
Objective
This study aimed to analyze the trends and distribution of intravenous sedation drug use in Korean dental clinics and hospitals using the big data of the Korea Institute of Drug Safety & Risk Management (KIDS), which operates the NIMS. Specifically, annual, regional, gender-specific, and age-group variations were evaluated to identify nationwide trends and to provide baseline data for establishing safety, standardization, and policy frameworks for dental sedation practices in Korea.
Methods
Data on controlled drug use reported to the NIMS from July 2019 to December 2024 were extracted and analyzed. The target drugs included midazolam, propofol, ketamine, and remimazolam as sedatives, and fentanyl, remifentanil, and pethidine as analgesic adjuvants.
The dataset included institution type (clinic vs. hospital), region (17 administrative divisions), patient gender, age group (10-year intervals), month and year of administration, and quantities of drugs used and discarded. The annual and regional trends, as well as sex- and age-related differences, were analyzed. Additionally, the relative use rate of IV sedation was estimated by comparing NIMS data with national dental care statistics (number of dental practitioners, treatment claims, and local anesthesia claims) obtained from the Open Data Portal of the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Results
During the study period, the use of intravenous sedatives in Korean dentistry showed a continuous upward trend.
As of 2024, midazolam accounted for approximately 76.5% of all sedatives used, followed by propofol (10.6%), ketamine (9.9%), and remimazolam (2.8%). Among these, ketamine exhibited the most rapid growth, with year-over-year increases of 62.7% in 2021, 107% in 2022, 152% in 2023, and 133% in 2024 compared with the previous years.
By institution type, dental clinics accounted for 84.6% of total sedative use in 2019 and increased to 90.8% in 2024, showing a steeper rise than dental hospitals.
In terms of gender, males represented 52% and females 48% of total usage. The average annual growth rate of sedative use by age group was 34.4% in the 30s, 39.1% in the 40s, 36.5% in the 50s, and 38.3% in the 60s, indicating significant increases among adult populations.
Regionally, the Seoul–Gyeonggi metropolitan area accounted for 63.1% of national usage in 2024, up from 57.3% in 2019, showing further centralization of sedation procedures. However, Sejong City (8.7) and Chungcheongbuk-do (8.8) recorded the highest drug use per dentist in 2023, exceeding Seoul (8.5), suggesting regional differences in specialized sedation practices.
For narcotic analgesics (fentanyl, pethidine, remifentanil), the total amount used was relatively low, decreasing from 10.1% of total sedative consumption in 2020 to 3.5% in 2024, with a higher proportion used in dental hospitals.
Conclusion
This study provides the first nationwide analysis of intravenous sedation drug use in Korean dentistry using the NIMS big data of the Korea Institute of Drug Safety & Risk Management. By overcoming the limitations of previous survey or insurance-based studies, it presents an objective overview of real-world clinical sedation practices.
The findings indicate that IV sedation in Korean dental practice is steadily increasing, particularly in private dental clinics, with midazolam remaining the predominant agent. The trend highlights the growing role of safe and well-monitored IV sedation protocols in general dental practice for adult patients.