South Korean agriculture is at a critical turning point. A sustained decline in the farm population, coupled with the rapid aging of rural communities, has intensified the shortage of farm successors. These structural challenges pose serious threats t...
South Korean agriculture is at a critical turning point. A sustained decline in the farm population, coupled with the rapid aging of rural communities, has intensified the shortage of farm successors. These structural challenges pose serious threats to the long-term sustainability of the agricultural sector. In this context, policies that facilitate smooth intergenerational succession are indispensable for agricultural structural adjustment, which rests on two key pillars: labor adjustment and farmland mobility (Lee et al., 1990).
This study focuses on farmland mobility. Although farmland mobility encompasses both sales and rental transactions (Ryu, 1984), farmland sales typically require substantial capital investment and involve complex legal and institutional procedures, resulting in high entry barriers. By contrast, rental transactions provide a more practical pathway, offering lower initial costs and greater contractual flexibility for new and young farmers. Moreover, farmland is an inherently immobile production factor, and elderly farmers often hesitate to sell their farmland due to concerns about livelihood security, potential non-agricultural uses, or the land’s role as an inheritance asset. These characteristics suggest that rental-based farmland mobility strategy may be a more feasible and effective mechanism for agricultural structural adjustment than farmland sales.
Accordingly, this study aimed to elucidate the functioning of South Korea’s farmland rental market and to derive policy implications for promoting farmland mobility. To this end, the study first reviewed the legal and institutional framework governing the farmland rental market, and then conducted theoretical and empirical analyses of the determinants of farmland rental market participation and rental rates.
The Constitution of the Republic of Korea stipulates the principle of “land-to-the-tillers” with respect to farmland and prohibits tenant farming in general. However, it allows for the leasing and consignment management of farmland under conditions prescribed by law when necessary to improve agricultural productivity, ensure the rational use of farmland, or in cases of unavoidable circumstances. Farmland rental arrangements are governed by the Civil Act(So & Seo 2018; Lee, 2020), while the Farmland Act specifies more detailed criteria. In line with the policy direction of promoting the efficient use of farmland, the scope of leasing permitted under the Farmland Act has been gradually expanded.
The first empirical analysis examined how farm-specific unobserved ability and transaction costs arising from legal and institutional reforms influence the farmland rental market, and how the concentration of rice cultivation among elderly farmers influences the market. The analysis utilized microdata from the Farm Household Economy Survey for the period 2003–2022, supplemented with data from the Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Census, the Agricultural Area Survey, and Regional Income Statistics. To analyze participation decisions in the farmland rental market (rent-out, autarky, and rent-in), an ordered probit model with variable thresholds was employed. In addition, to assess the robustness of the findings, a random effects Tobit model was estimated to identify the determinants of both farmland leased-out and leased-in areas.
The main findings of the study were as follows. First, the farmland rental market facilitated the reallocation of land from farm households with low farm-specific ability but abundant land to those with high ability but insufficient land. Second, although elderly farm households generally exhibited higher supply and lower demand in the farmland rental market, rice-cultivating households with a high concentration of elderly farmers displayed higher rental demand compared to those cultivating other crops. This suggests that rice-centered farming, through its high level of mechanization, alleviates labor input constraints and thereby serves as a structural factor that sustains a certain level of rental demand even under conditions of severe farmer aging. Third, institutional reforms indicated a shift in policy orientation from landlords toward tenants. Specifically, the introduction of the Farmland Banking System in 2005, the establishment of a contract confirmation system and statutory minimum lease terms in 2012, and the legalization of short-term leases for double cropping in 2015 expanded rental supply. By contrast, the extension of the statutory minimum lease term in 2020 enhanced tenant security and increased rental demand. Fourth, following the introduction of the Public-Benefit Direct Payment System in 2020, under which small-scale farmers became eligible for Small-Scale Farm Direct Payments, the economic incentives for scale enlargement through leasing weakened. This was consistent with the observed increase in the number of farms operating less than 0.5 hectares.
The second empirical analysis focused on farmland rental rates, a key price factor in the farmland rental market, to examine the capitalization effects of total public agricultural subsidies. It also assessed how urbanization influences rental rates through its implications for non-agricultural land demand. The analysis used microdata from the Farm Household Economy Survey for the period 2003–2022, supplemented with data from the Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Census, the Agricultural Area Survey, Regional Income Statistics, the Cadastral Statistical Annual Reports, and the National Monitoring System (e-Nara Index). Both a Heckman sample selection model and a least squares dummy variable estimation (LSDV) were employed. In addition, for the subperiod 2003–2012, the study investigated the capitalization effects of agricultural investment subsidies and other agricultural subsidies on rental rates.
The main results were as follows. First, public agricultural subsidies were partially capitalized into farmland rental rates. A 1% increase in total public agricultural subsidies was associated with an approximately 0.025%–0.075% increase in farmland rental rates over the period 2003–2022. When subsidies were disaggregated by type, agricultural investment subsidies showed no statistically significant effect on rental rates during 2003–2012, whereas other agricultural subsidies increased rental rates by approximately 0.026%–0.064%. Second, higher market returns to farmland in the previous year led to higher current rental rates, indicating that greater expected profitability raised tenants’ willingness to pay. Third, regions with a higher share of manufacturing and service industries exhibited higher farmland rental rates, as greater urbanization expanded demand for farmland for non-agricultural uses, thereby increasing prices and the opportunity cost of farmland.
These empirical findings provide several important policy implications. First, farmland reallocation mechanisms should be strengthened to facilitate the smooth transfer of farmland from retiring elderly farmers to capable new or successor farmers. This could be supported by introducing a system comparable to Japan’s Certified Farmers System and by establishing an integrated support framework that combines tax incentives, loan and insurance support, and training programs for farmers. Second, to alleviate structural rigidity rooted in rice-concentrated farming, the Strategic Crop Direct Payment Program should be expanded. In addition, the Farmland Pension System and the Farmland Transfer Retirement Payment Program should be better aligned to encourage retirement among elderly farmers and enhance farmland mobility. Third, continued tenant-oriented institutional reforms are necessary to reduce entry barriers and transaction costs faced by new and young farmers in the rental market. Fourth, to mitigate disincentives to scale enlargement, post-retirement income security should be strengthened for elderly farmers through programs such as the Farmland Pension System, rather than Small-Scale Farm Direct Payments. Finally, to stabilize farmland rental rates, institutional arrangements should ensure that agricultural subsidies accrue to actual cultivators rather than landowners. Enhancing transparency in rental rates information and promoting long-term lease contracts are also essential for improving market access for new and young farmers.
In sum, while South Korea’s farmland rental market contributed to agricultural structural adjustment through its resource allocation function, this role was not fully realized due to deepening rural aging and certain institutional constraints. Accordingly, future farmland policies should strengthen support systems that facilitate greater concentration of farmland among capable farmers, address the rice-centered farming structure dominated by elderly farmers, and enhance access to the rental market for new and young farmers. In this regard, this study provides empirical evidence of both academic and policy relevance to guide such policy transitions.