Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older adults receiving long-term care is a key indicator for improving long-term care quality through person-centered care. Previous Korean studies on HRQoL in long-term care populations have primarily focu...
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older adults receiving long-term care is a key indicator for improving long-term care quality through person-centered care. Previous Korean studies on HRQoL in long-term care populations have primarily focused on identifying factors associated with HRQoL in a small subset of care facilities. Although some recent studies attempted path analysis, they were limited in their ability to consider diverse, hierarchical characteristics ranging from individual- to institution-level factors. Furthermore, no prior studies have investigated the effects of HRQoL on health outcomes among elderly long-term care recipients. Therefore, this study aims to identify the determinants of HRQoL among long-term care recipients across demographic, health and functional, psychosocial, service utilization and environmental factors, and to examine the impact of HRQoL on subsequent health outcomes.
This study utilizes data from two separate studies: one investigating the health and functional status of facility-based long-term care recipients, using a nationally representative sample of residential long-term care facilities; and another the health and functional status of home care service recipients, using a nationally representative sample of home-visit nursing agencies. Both surveys employed multistage proportionate stratified random sampling to ensure national representativeness. The study subjects comprised 2,888 elderly long-term care recipients aged 65 years or older who had been using long-term care services for at least one month (1,416 home-care recipients and 1,472 facility-care recipients). HRQoL was measured using the interRAI-based HRQoL, which derived through a crosswalk methodology that mapped the interRAI comprehensive assessment to the multi-attribute, preference-based HRQoL instruments (HUI2 and HUI3), following established approaches in prior studies (Wodchis et al., 2003; Hirdes et al., 2018). The measured HRQoL was evaluated in terms of its explanatory power, group discrimination ability, and accuracy in predicting health outcomes. Health outcomes were identified as healthcare utilization among home-care recipients (ER visits, acute hospitalizations), institutionalization (nursing hospitals or long-term care facilities admissions) for home-care recipients, and mortality among all long-term care recipients. For analysis, descriptive statistics and univariate analyses were conducted, and determinants of HRQoL were examined using linear marginal models based on generalized estimating equations (GEE). To assess health outcomes logistic regression, Fine–Gray model (a sub-distribution hazard models accounting for competing risks), and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were conducted.
In Study 1, HRQoL was calculated using the HUI3-based interRAI HRQoL (hereafter referred to as HRQoL). The mean HRQoL score was 0.0238 (SD = 0.279), with a range from −0.344 to 0.985. The distribution was right-skewed, with a median of −0.057, skewness of 1.084, and kurtosis of 0.667. A substantial proportion of participants fell within the lower health status range (lower 25%: −0.1955, upper 5%: 0.5815). Given that the HUI3 scoring system permits utility values below zero (“worse than death”), these findings indicate that the average HRQoL among older adults receiving long-term care in Korea is generally very low. By service type, the mean HRQoL score was 0.085 (SD = 0.300) among home care recipients and 0.035 (SD = 0.244) among institutional care recipients.
In Study 2, a multidimensional exploration of HRQoL determinants revealed that HRQoL was influenced not only by sociodemographic factors such as age, sex, and educational level, but also by health and functional factors including activities of daily living (ADL) performance, number of chronic conditions, history of falls, and methods of nutritional intake. Psychosocial factors such as social participation, loneliness, and beliefs regarding improvement in functional health were also significant, as were service-related and environmental factors including type of long-term care service, prior healthcare utilization, and institutional quality evaluation ratings.
In Study 3, the effects of HRQoL on health outcomes were examined over a 12-month follow-up period. Among 1,416 home care recipients, 270 individuals (19.07%) experienced acute hospitalizations, 152 (10.73%) visited the emergency department, 245 (17.30%) were institutionalized, and 238 (16.81%) died during follow-up. Among 1,472 institutional care recipients, 263 individuals (17.87%) died. Logistic regression analyses indicated that HRQoL was not significantly associated with healthcare utilization among home care recipients during the 12-month follow-up. However, competing risk analysis using the Fine–Gray model, with death treated as a competing event, demonstrated that higher HRQoL was significantly associated with a reduced risk of institutionalization among home care recipients (subdistribution hazard ratio [sdHR] = 0.403, 95% CI: 0.217–0.747, p = 0.0039). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses further showed that higher HRQoL was significantly associated with reduced mortality risk among all long-term care recipients (HR = 0.416, 95% CI: 0.242–0.716) and among institutional care recipients specifically (HR = 0.340, 95% CI: 0.151–0.763). Additionally, advanced age, impaired ADL performance, need for changes in nutritional intake methods, prior acute hospitalization, and lower institutional quality ratings were identified as factors associated with increased mortality risk.
These findings suggest that HRQoL among older adults receiving long-term care has the potential to serve as a meaningful outcome indicator for future long-term care policies and as a key metric for predicting and managing health outcomes. Furthermore, the results highlight the policy relevance of identifying modifiable intervention points to maintain and improve quality of life among vulnerable long-term care recipients experiencing complex functional decline, thereby supporting the implementation of person-centered care through targeted interventions.