In elderly patients, pneumonia is a common disease and a major cause of death among the elderly in Korea. Unlike pneumonia in young patients, it often presents with non-specific symptoms or other systemic symptoms such as alerted consciousness. This t...
In elderly patients, pneumonia is a common disease and a major cause of death among the elderly in Korea. Unlike pneumonia in young patients, it often presents with non-specific symptoms or other systemic symptoms such as alerted consciousness. This tendency often delays the diagnosis of pneumonia in the elderly, leading to an emergency situation or poor prognosis such as death and long-term hospitalization. Age-related physiological changes and various co-morbidities cause prolonged treatment of pneumonia in the elderly.
A comprehensive initial assessment is therefore critical for elderly patients with pneumonia. The role of a nurse is pivotal, as nurses are usually first healthcare professionals to evaluate patients upon admission. When assessing various elderly situations, including physical, mental, and social aspects of the elderly, and a multi-disciplinary approach are performed together, effective pneumonia management can begin earlier. However, existing studies have been focused on emergency rooms and long-term care facilities. Also, studies to determine the relationship between initial nursing assessment and major prognosis such as death or length of hospital stay are insufficient. This means there is a lack of academic evidence supporting the importance of initial nursing assessment for in-patients with pneumonia. Therefore, this study aims to examine the general, clinical, and prognostic characteristics of elderly patients with pneumonia, and to explore how general and clinical characteristics influence prognostic characteristics(death and length of hospital stay).
This study was conducted among elderly patients aged 65 years and older who were hospitalized for pneumonia at a tertiary general hospital in Seoul from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023. The initial nursing assessments and electronic medical records collected at the time of admission for elderly pneumonia patients were reviewed retrospectively. A total of seven general characteristics, sixteen clinical characteristics, and two prognostic characteristics were analyzed. Descriptive statistics for patient characteristics were conducted using SPSS statistics version 29 and R version 4.5.1. To examine factors associated with survival status, the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were performed, followed by logistic regression analysis. To explore factors related to the length of hospital stay, Spearman’s correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test were performed, and negative binomial regression analysis was subsequently used to confirm these relationships. In order to account for repeated hospitalizations and readmissions, generalized estimating equation(GEE) analysis was conducted, with patient ID set as the cluster variable and number of admission treated as the repeated measure.
The main results of this study are as follows.
First, in the univariate analysis of survival status, six of the general characteristics and twelve clinical characteristics were significantly associated with survival status. Multivariate analysis of the variables that were significant in univariate testing showed the gender, medical department and admitting ward remained significant predictors of survival status among the general characteristics. Additionally several clinical characteristics (number of disease history, alcohol consumption, morse fall scale score, respiratory/cardiovascular symptoms, and mentality) were associated with survival status.
Second, in the univaritate analysis of length of hospital stay, 6 general characteristics and 11 of the clinical characteristics showed significant associations with length of hospital stay. In the subsequent multivariate analysis of these significant variables, few general characteristics(route of admission, mode of admission, purpose of admission, and admitting ward) were remained significant predictors of length of hospital stay. Also, number of disease history, smoking status, Braden sore scale score, respiratory/cardiovascular symptoms and sensory abnormality among clinical characteristics were associated with length of hospital stay.
Based on the results of this study, several directions for future research are recommended. Future study should include various regions and sizes of hospitals to ensure generalizability. Prospective research designs are also needed to strength causal inference. In addition, future studies that include psychological and social factors which are excluded from this analysis are conducted, Further studies should use direct observation of patients to monitoring changes in condition during hospitalization. Moreover, further research should collect detailed information on nursing interventions to clarify patient characteristics and the impact of nursing care on clinical outcomes. Also, a follow-up study by narrowing the definition of pneumonia is recommended because the symptoms or results may vary depending on the causes. Finally, future studies should standardize the measurement of readmission frequencies to clearly evaluate the influence of readmission on the relationships among general, clinical, and prognostic characteristics.