This study originated from an interest in the growing prevalence of cancel culture among adolescents, conceptualized as a collective cultural phenomenon through which social influence is mobilized to hold individuals or groups accountable for perceive...
This study originated from an interest in the growing prevalence of cancel culture among adolescents, conceptualized as a collective cultural phenomenon through which social influence is mobilized to hold individuals or groups accountable for perceived socially problematic statements or actions. This phenomenon holds significant social and educational implications, particularly in understanding how adolescents experience, interpret, and engage with cancel culture. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the meanings of cancel culture for adolescents and to propose educational approaches for improvement. To this end, the following Research Problem and Questions were formulated.
Research Problem: How can we understand an adolescent's cancel culture experience?
Research Question 1. What factors lead adolescents to initiate the canceling of a specific target?
Research Question 2. What characteristics are exhibited by adolescents who engage in cancel culture activities?
Research Question 3. What experiences do adolescents undergo in the process of participating in cancel culture activities?
Research Question 4. How do adolescents perceive and interpret the meaning of cancel culture?
This study sought to understand cancel culture by conceptualizing adolescents as active subjects of cultural phenomena, employing ethnography as a qualitative research methodology. Participant recruitment began in December 2024, resulting in the inclusion of 16 research participants. In-depth interviews were conducted between March and September 2025. In addition, activity-related data provided by the participants were collected and analyzed in order to contextualize the findings. The results of this study are presented below in accordance with the research questions.
Research Question 1 aimed to examine the circumstances through which adolescents come to participate in cancel culture. The findings indicate that adolescents were primarily exposed to incidents involving public figures through media platforms or interpersonal networks. Media-based information was often presented within specific frames and mediated forms, while information obtained from acquaintances also involved interpretive elements. Consequently, adolescents’ understanding of the incidents was already recontextualized at the point of initial exposure. Negative emotional responses elicited by the words or actions of the public figures were subsequently combined with normative judgments. Adolescents perceived biased or disrespectful remarks and behaviors that violated social norms as inappropriate for social interaction. These evaluative processes illustrate that adolescents’ participation in cancel culture is not triggered by exposure alone, but by the convergence of mediated interpretation, emotional response, and normative judgment.
Research Question 2 aimed to explore the cognitive and environmental foundations underlying adolescents’ participation in cancel culture. The findings indicate that beliefs were formed through the combination of a critical perception of media bias, low trust in political and judicial institutions, and the devaluation of conventional indicators of social success, together with a strong conviction in the objectivity of their own judgments. In terms of environmental foundations, adolescents perceived society as a space characterized by division and conflict. This perception contributed to the formation of an awareness that compromise was difficult and that social exclusion was perceived as necessary. Through interactions with homogeneous groups, adolescents progressively deepened their engagement in cultural activities.
Research Question 3 aimed to analyze the types of cancel culture practices among adolescents and the contextual factors that promoted or constrained their participation. The participants articulated three primary forms of cancel culture claims: calls for exclusion from public-facing activities, rejection of cultural content associated with the target, and demands for apologies and reflection regarding the target’s inappropriate statements or actions. In terms of practices, cancel culture was enacted through the creation and dissemination of critical discourse in online spaces, expressions of sympathy and support for such discourse, and participation in rallies or demonstrations that exerted collective pressure. Experiences that promoted engagement in cancel culture included emotional expression and release that fostered a sense of confidence, as well as the formation of solidarity through the sharing of homogeneous viewpoints and mutual support from others. Conversely, experiences that constrained participation in cancel culture involved self-censorship due to concerns about legal sanctions, limitations associated with adolescents’ legal and social status, social and psychological burdens related to personal exposure, and the gradual desensitization of problem awareness and emotional intensity over time.
Research Question 4 examined how adolescents interpreted the meaning of their experiences with cancel culture. The findings indicate that adolescents predominantly framed their participation as an enactment of social justice, positioning themselves as active moral agents. The justification for this meaning-making was grounded in strong confidence in the correctness of their judgments, an emphasis on accountability proportional to social status, and normative expectations placed on public figures. In addition, adolescents reported changes in their perceptions through participation in cancel culture. These included the collapse of idealized images of celebrities and other well-known figures, as well as an expanded understanding of social issues related to cancel culture. Furthermore, some participants emphasized the need for a more balanced and reliable media environment, citing frequent exposure to biased information during their engagement in cancel culture. Others argued for the establishment of trustworthy legal and political systems, stressing that social accountability should be addressed through institutional mechanisms rather than private or informal sanctions.
The findings of this study reveal that adolescents’ experiences of cancel culture are characterized by ambivalence. Ambivalence refers to the coexistence of opposing values within individuals, between internal and external orientations, or between individual and societal values (Seoul National University Institute of Education, 1995). In the process of engaging in cancel culture, adolescents demonstrated a practical orientation that emphasized strict adherence to social norms while simultaneously justifying private sanctions over formal or institutional ones. Additionally, although participants stressed the importance of fact-checking, they often circulated information without sufficient verification. The coexistence of empathy and a lack of empathy toward targets further exemplified this ambivalent stance. As a result of this ambivalence, adolescents tended to justify their own positions as morally correct, while simultaneously experiencing internal tensions manifested through practices such as self-censorship or the deletion of comments during cancel culture activities. Furthermore, issues such as the ambiguous identification of norms and facts, biases in value judgments, the dehumanization of targets, and demands for retributive punishment highlight the need for improvement in cancel culture practices.
In response to these tensions, this study proposes educational directions aimed at alleviating internal conflicts while sustaining the normative goal of realizing social justice. At the cognitive level, educational interventions are needed to address incomplete judgments and cognitive biases by fostering reflective capacities and the ability to resist group pressure through autonomous value judgment. Such interventions may be implemented in the form of civic education that cultivates epistemic humility and metacognitive awareness, thereby nurturing reflective citizens. At the level of emotion and attitude, there is a need for empathy-oriented education that enables adolescents to recognize and consider the perspectives of others beyond moral condemnation. From a functional perspective of conflict resolution, educational practices should seek to shift from retributive justice toward restorative justice, emphasizing relationship repair and community integration rather than the exclusion of community members.
keywords : Cancel Culture, adolescents, media, collective action, civic education, social studies education
Student Number : 2015-21574