With the climate crisis escalating into a global emergency, energy issues are now understood as multifaceted challenges involving social, economic, and ethical dimensions alongside science. While energy education originated in response to the 1970s en...
With the climate crisis escalating into a global emergency, energy issues are now understood as multifaceted challenges involving social, economic, and ethical dimensions alongside science. While energy education originated in response to the 1970s energy crises, its objectives have shifted. Influenced by the rise of sustainable development in the 1990s and the urgency of energy transition since the 2010s, the focus has moved from knowledge acquisition to developing the competencies of future generations for informed decision-making and responsible action.
However, the concept of energy carries distinct meanings across different domains. While scientifically defined as a conserved physical quantity, it is socially conceptualized as a consumable resource for human needs, and associated with vitality or practical utility in everyday context. This multiplicity of meaning has complicated the goals, content, and pedagogical approaches of energy education, hindering its effective implementation.
Given this conceptual complexity, the present study aims to examine the content of energy education in South Korean school curricula and teachers' perceptions of its practice to suggest future directions. To this end, two qualitative studies were conducted. Study 1 analyzed the 2015 and 2022 National Curriculum documents to identify the content framework and its distribution across subjects and revisions. Study 2 investigated teachers' perceptions of energy education as enacted in the school context.
In Study 1, a qualitative content analysis was conducted on the 2015 and 2022 Secondary National Curricula. Initial codes derived from energy-related achievement standards were synthesized through an inductive process of constant comparison. This analysis yielded a content framework comprising four domains (Energy concepts, Energy resources, Energy systems, and Energy-related issues and solutions) encompassing sixteen sub-elements.
Based on this framework, the study analyzed subject-specific characteristics and changes across curricula. First, compared to the 2015 curriculum, the 2022 revised curriculum included a greater number of subjects and units related to energy education, as well as a more diverse range of content elements. Second, the focus of energy education varied by disciplines. Science centered on energy concepts and systems; social studies and environmental subjects prioritized energy-related issues and solutions; and Technology focused on energy resources and systems. Third, the key term energy jeonhwan The word jeonhwan(전환, 轉換) is a Korean word meaning to change or alter direction or state(Standard Korean Language Dictionary[SKLD], 2025).
was found to be used with dual meanings across subjects in the 2022 revised curriculum. Energy jeonhwan was used to refer both to the scientific process of changing energy forms (transformation of energy) and the socio-technical imperative of restructuring energy systems (energy transition).
The content framework derived from Study 1 demonstrates that energy education in the Korean national curriculum constitutes an interdisciplinary field. This framework is significant as it integratively presents previously distributed content elements, reflecting the contemporary context of the climate crisis. However, given the identified subject-specific disparities and conceptual divergences, findings suggest that Korean energy education currently exhibits a multidisciplinary character, in which subject-specific perspectives coexist in parallel, rather than achieving full interdisciplinary integration.
In Study 2, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 secondary school teachers in science, social studies, technology, and environmental subjects to examine their experiences with the implementation of energy education. The interview data were analyzed qualitatively, and the following findings regarding the implementation and perceptions of energy education were identified. The analysis revealed that teachers perceive energy education as occupying a marginal position in schools, typically implemented through sporadic instruction or normative practices rather than as a sustained curricular component. Teachers exhibited a dual understanding of energy, defining it both scientifically as the capacity to do work and socially as a consumable resource. Teachers conceptualized the field along two distinct dimensions, distinguishing between education about energy, grounded in subject-based instruction, and energy education, rooted in socially shared notions and approached in a cross-curricular manner.
Despite these conceptual disparities, teachers shared a consensus regarding the goals of energy education. They emphasized that education must extend beyond the understanding of foundational knowledge. Teachers anticipated that students would critically analyze energy issues, internalize values concerning energy use and distribution, and participate in civic engagement through practical action.
Differences were observed between science teachers and teachers of other subjects in their perceptions of energy education implementation. Science teachers experienced tension between the two perceptions of energy education. In this context, science teachers either attempted to reduce scientific content in order to implement socially oriented energy education or tried to distinguish it from their instruction focused on education about energy. They employed various strategies, such as separating instructional contexts, to achieve the goals of comprehensive energy education. In contrast, teachers in social studies, environmental, and technology disciplines primarily approached energy as a resource. They perceived the two dimensions as naturally interconnected, experiencing no such tension. Furthermore, they viewed the teaching of scientific concepts as the responsibility of science teachers, focusing instead on strategies aligned with their own disciplinary characteristics.
Science education remains separated within the current practice of energy education. This isolation poses a risk that energy education may be reduced to a set of normative or prescriptive activities, lacking a foundation in scientific reasoning. However, to foster students' practical problem-solving capacities beyond subject-specific boundaries, interdisciplinary integration is essential. In this context, science education must play a role, not only by providing the foundational knowledge for rational decision-making but also by bridging the two dimensions of energy education.
Taken together, the findings of Studies 1 and 2 show that energy education in South Korea is implemented with different emphases across subjects in both the National Curriculum and teachers’ perceptions. Specifically, a distinction was observed between education about energy as subject-based instruction and energy education as a cross-curricular practice. This tension was evident among science teachers, resulting in a separation between science education and energy education in school practice. Based on these findings, this study suggests that science education should serve as the cognitive foundation for interdisciplinary energy education. When science education provides the scientific principles and rational grounds to understand energy conservation and system transition, energy education can connect knowledge and values. This approach supports the development of integrated energy literacy essential for rational decision-making in future generations.