The purpose of this study is to examine how the 2023 expansion of Korea’s Catastrophic Health Expenditure Support Program affected household medical cost burdens and healthcare utilization, with particular attention to its impact on potentially poor...
The purpose of this study is to examine how the 2023 expansion of Korea’s Catastrophic Health Expenditure Support Program affected household medical cost burdens and healthcare utilization, with particular attention to its impact on potentially poor households—low-income groups that are not recipients of Medical Aid.
The Catastrophic Health Expenditure Support Program aims to alleviate the financial burden of excessive medical expenses and to improve access to healthcare by providing partial financial assistance to households experiencing economic hardship due to high medical costs. Since its introduction in 2013, the program has been gradually expanded, and in 2023, substantial changes were implemented across the overall design of the program, including a significant relaxation of eligibility criteria and an expansion of coverage to all disease categories, including outpatient services. Despite these expansions, it remains necessary to empirically assess whether meaningful benefits have been effectively delivered to potentially poor households located in the gaps of the healthcare safety net.
Using data from the 18th (2022) and 19th (2023) waves of the Korean Welfare Panel Study, this study compares changes in the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure and healthcare utilization before and after the 2023 policy expansion and examines their associations with the policy change through regression analyses. The analytical sample consists of households that meet the eligibility criteria of the program. Households are classified into three income groups: general National Health Insurance households (up to 200% of the median income), potentially poor households (at or below 60% of the median income and not receiving Medical Aid), and Medical Aid recipient households. The incidence of catastrophic health expenditure is defined as annual healthcare spending exceeding specific thresholds of a household’s capacity to pay (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). Healthcare utilization is measured by the number of outpatient visits, the number of hospital admissions, inpatient days, and total healthcare expenditures. The analytical methods include cross-tabulation, independent-samples t-tests, logistic regression, negative binomial regression, and linear regression.
The results indicate that, following the policy expansion, the overall eligible population experienced a decline in the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure at lower threshold levels (10–20%). Among general National Health Insurance households, reductions were observed across most threshold levels. In contrast, potentially poor households exhibited little meaningful change, while Medical Aid recipient households showed an increase in the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure. Potentially poor households consistently displayed the highest burden of catastrophic health expenditure across all thresholds, and improvements in their financial burden remained highly limited even after the policy expansion.
In terms of healthcare utilization, average year-to-year changes were not pronounced among the overall eligible population. However, Medical Aid recipient households demonstrated notable increases in hospital admissions, inpatient days, and healthcare expenditures, suggesting an expansion of inpatient-centered utilization following the policy change. By contrast, neither potentially poor households nor general National Health Insurance households exhibited substantial changes in overall healthcare utilization or medical spending.
Taken together, while the 2023 policy expansion formally broadened the scope of eligibility, its substantive effects on reducing medical cost burdens and improving access to healthcare varied markedly across income groups. A certain level of protective effect was observed among general National Health Insurance households, whereas Medical Aid recipient households experienced increased utilization accompanied by rising medical expenditures. For potentially poor households, little evidence of burden reduction or increased healthcare use was found. These findings suggest that, although potentially poor households are formally included in the policy framework, they remain in a structurally vulnerable position in terms of both financial protection and access to healthcare, with limited realization of the intended policy benefits.
The main implications of this study are as follows. First, by including potentially poor households as a focal group, this study extends the analytical scope of previous research and identifies disparities in protection levels and the unequal effects of the program across income groups. Second, by jointly analyzing changes in catastrophic health expenditure and healthcare utilization, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of how the policy expansion has influenced both financial burden and patterns of healthcare use. Third, the findings indicate the need for more finely calibrated income and asset criteria for low-income groups, including potentially poor households, and demonstrate that improving the effectiveness of the program requires broad-based improvements in eligibility standards and the overall structure of support. Finally, this study offers a theoretical basis for differentiated program design across income groups and provides empirical evidence to inform future reforms of the Catastrophic Health Expenditure Support Program.