In this paper I argue that Alexander Bird, a prominent law necessitarian, fails to explain away the intuition that the laws of nature could have been different. Bird contends that the laws are in fact metaphysically necessary and that our contrary int...
In this paper I argue that Alexander Bird, a prominent law necessitarian, fails to explain away the intuition that the laws of nature could have been different. Bird contends that the laws are in fact metaphysically necessary and that our contrary intuitions can be explained away by his Kripkean strategy. I argue that this strategy is unsuccessful on two grounds. First, contrary to Bird’s account, reference to the relevant natural kind succeeds in the intuitive cases. Second, as an extension of this first problem, there exists a further intuition concerning the possibility that the macroscopic properties of natural kinds could also have been different. Necessitarianism has a consequence that conflicts with this intuition as well, yet Bird’s strategy cannot explain it away. This failure not only leaves the contingency intuition as an unresolved problem for necessitarianism but also suggests a hybrid view of the modal status of laws as a more plausible position.
Alexander Bird argues that laws of nature hold in virtue of the essences of properties, a view partially driven by the need to distinguish genuine laws from mere accidental regularities. This view entails law necessitarianism. If laws are grounded in the essence of properties, then the laws are metaphysically necessary wherever the properties exist. However, this conclusion conflicts with the wide spread intuition that laws could have been different. To address this intuitive challenge, Bird employs a Kripkean strategy to explain away this intuition as an illusion.
Following Kripke’s account for a posteriori identity propositions, Bird argues that when we imagine worlds with different laws, our natural kind terms fail to refer to the very same kinds, despite similar appearances. According to Bird, this mere epistemic similarity is the reason why this false intuition arises.
In contrast, I defend the success of reference in our imagination. I argue that we can successfully refer to the identical natural kind even under different laws, showing that contrary to Bird, salt, for example, can exist without the associated laws such as Coulomb’s law holding. Bird argues that salt is not only essentially NaCl, but also essentially involves ionic bonding, appealing to Kripke’s essentialism. Since ionic bonding is governed by Coulomb’s law, Bird concludes that the existence of salt necessitates Coulomb’s law. Consequently, Bird explains that when we imagine Coulomb’s law failing to hold, we are not, in fact, referring to the actual natural kind. However, I will demonstrate that even granting that ionic bonding is essential to salt, successful reference remains possible given the presence of nonessential properties.
Second, I identify another noteworthy intuition that has been overlooked in previous discussions, which undermines Bird’s strategy further: that certain macroscopic properties of natural kinds could have been different. This contradicts the entailments of law necessitarianism. Building on the first point, I maintain that this intuition also involves successful reference to the same natural kind. This second point reveals that law necessitarianism faces difficulties on two levels: its primary claim conflicts with the widespread intuition regarding laws, and its consequences conflict with a distinct strong intuition as well.
This paper is structured as follows: First, in section 2, I will address some basic philosophical discussions for the specific argument of this paper. In section 3, I elaborate on Bird’s strategy. In section 4, I will argue that we can correctly refer to the same natural kind even though different laws hold as the first problem of Bird’s strategy. This is most effectively defended within a hybrid view that treats some laws as necessary and others as contingent. In section 5, I introduce the second intuition that also contradicts Bird’s view, which could be supported by the first point established earlier. I will illustrate this intuition with a detailed example and demonstrate how necessitarianism implies a consequence that conflicts with the intuition. Subsequently, in section 6, I will discuss implications. Finally, in Section 7, I conclude by summarizing the paper and briefly outlining its motivating considerations.