Cardiotoxicity and insufficient therapeutic efficacy remain major causes of drug attrition during clinical development, underscoring the need for preclinical models that more accurately recapitulate human cardiac physiology. Conventional two-dimension...
Cardiotoxicity and insufficient therapeutic efficacy remain major causes of drug attrition during clinical development, underscoring the need for preclinical models that more accurately recapitulate human cardiac physiology. Conventional two-dimensional cardiomyocyte cultures lack three-dimensional cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, whereas animal models are limited by species-specific differences and ethical constraints. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiac organoids have emerged as a promising alternative; however, heterogeneity and incomplete maturation continue to hinder their predictive reliability.
In this study, we established a robust differentiation platform to generate structurally and functionally mature hiPSC-derived cardiac organoids (hCOs). Uniform embryoid bodies were produced using a controlled 3D culture system, followed by stage specific Wnt modulation. The resulting hCOs displayed spontaneous beating for over three weeks, with cell type compositions resembling adult myocardium including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Molecular profiling and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed strong expression of cardiac markers (cTnT, α-actinin), fibroblast and endothelial markers, and key cardiac ion channels (Cav1.2, Nav1.5, hERG).
Electrophysiological characterization using a multi-electrode array (Multi-electrode array, MEA) demonstrated stable field potential amplitude, Fridericia-corrected field potential duration (FPDcF), and beat regularity. Furthermore, hCOs exhibited physiologically relevant responses to channel-specific blockers: nifedipine (Ca2+), E-4031 (hERG), and flecainide (Na+), validating their suitability for proarrhythmia assessment.
To evaluate clinical drug safety, we tested Echinochrome A (EchA), a marine-derived compound used clinically. EchA (up to 30 µM) did not alter BPM, FPA, and FPDcF and did not induce QT prolongation or early afterdepolarizations. Cell viability assays, LDH release tests, and contraction analyses confirmed the absence of cytotoxicity or functional impairment. In contrast, known cardiotoxic agents including doxorubicin, sorafenib, and 5-fluorouracil produced dose-dependent reductions in viability, demonstrating the model’s sensitivity in detecting cardiotoxic responses.
To improve differentiation efficiency and reduce organoid heterogeneity, we further applied ZM447439 (ZM), an Aurora kinase A/B inhibitor, during defined stages of mesodermal specification. ZM treatment induced G1-phase enrichment and enhanced lineage allocation toward cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of genes associated with sarcomere assembly, Z-disc and I-band structure, ion channel activity, and myocardial contractility. Consistent with these transcriptional changes, ZM-treated hCOs exhibited heightened electrophysiological maturity and more pronounced pharmacological responses in MEA assays.
Collectively, this study demonstrates that hiPSC-hCOs provide a reliable and physiologically relevant platform for cardiotoxicity assessment, drug safety evaluation, and mechanistic studies of cardiac function. Furthermore, cell-cycle modulation via Aurora kinase inhibition represents an effective strategy to enhance the structural and electrophysiological maturation of cardiac organoids, thereby improving their reproducibility and translational value. These findings contribute to the development of next generation preclinical cardiac models capable of more accurately predicting human cardiac responses.