In contemporary South Korean society, immigrants are no longer a
population confined to specific enclaves. As demographic crises deepen
and industrial structures shift, the distribution of immigrants has
transitioned from a high concentration in speci...
In contemporary South Korean society, immigrants are no longer a
population confined to specific enclaves. As demographic crises deepen
and industrial structures shift, the distribution of immigrants has
transitioned from a high concentration in specific areas to a wider
spatial dispersion. Consequently, immigrants increasingly perceive and
evaluate the strengths and pre-existing regional disparities of the areas
where they live and work, while the attitudes of native residents toward
these newcomers are also undergoing a shift. This study examines the
causes and processes of these spatial settlement patterns by focusing on
regional differences in industrial and demographic structures.
Furthermore, it seeks to understand immigrants' perceptions of local communities and changes in native residents' attitudes from a regional
perspective. The findings reveal that immigrant influx is being
accelerated not only by industrial demand but also by population aging
and decline. Moreover, the attitudes of native residents improve as they
begin to share economic and social interests with immigrants.
The aging and thinning of rural populations have intensified labor
shortages in the agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and manufacturing
sectors, threatening the sustainability of local communities. Depopulating
regions and industrial complexes are responding by actively attracting
diverse groups, including migrant workers, marriage migrants, and
international students, to secure necessary laborforce. Recently,
immigration policy has shifted from a focus on simple labor supply
toward "place-based policies" designed to address local population
crises, institutionalizing the settlement of immigrants in rural,
non-metropolitan areas.
The study addresses three primary questions: First, how do regional
differences in demographic and industrial structures shape immigrant
influx? Second, how do immigrants perceive their places of residence,
and what drives their mobility? Third, how do immigration patterns,
conditioned by regional contexts such as demographics and industrial
structures, change the attitudes of native residents?
Theoretically, this research draws on Michael Woods’ concept of the
Global Countryside and Hopkins’ Politicized Places Hypothesis. The
former explains how depopulating rural areas are transforming into
New Immigrant Destinations (NIDs), while the latter emphasizes that
attitudes toward immigrants are shaped more by the pace of regional
change and prevailing public discourse than by the actual size of the
immigrant population. Building on these perspectives, this study conceptualizes the region not merely as a physical space where
migration occurs, but as a place where structural changes in local
society intersect with transnational labor migration, leading to mutual
recognition and compromise between immigrants and native residents.
Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study first constructs a
panel dataset of municipalities and employs fixed-effects models and
spatial regression to examine the impact of aging, native population
changes, industrial specialization, and policy variables on immigrant
proportions. Through Latent Transition Analysis (LTA), the research
identifies five distinct regional types based on data from 2003 to 2023
and tracks transition patterns between them. Furthermore, the study
incorporates in-depth interviews with long-term residents (those staying
five years or more) to compare their perceptions of residence and
mobility across regional types. Finally, it integrates data from the
Korean General Social Survey with regional panel data to estimate the
evolving perceptions of native residents using multilevel modeling.
The findings show that immigrant influx is best explained by
combining industrial demand with demographic shifts. Areas with severe
aging and population decline show higher immigrant ratios and faster
growth rates. This effect has strengthened recently, suggesting that
demographic pressure is now a primary driver of migration.
Additionally, the degree to which a region's dependence on agriculture
or manufacturing promotes immigrant influx is particularly pronounced
in rapidly aging areas.
Second, five distinct regional clusters emerged over 20 years. The
"Native-Concentrated Areas" that accounted for the majority in 2003
transitioned into "Urban-type Depopulating Areas" or
"Immigrant-Concentrated Areas," while "Urban-type Depopulating Areas" gradually shifted into "Rural-type Depopulating Areas." Meanwhile,
"Immigrant-Concentrated Areas" and "Immigrant-Employed Industrial
Complexes" (characterized by high aging and low native influx) grew
steadily over the past two decades. The transition patterns demonstrate
that heterogeneity exists even among native depopulating regions
depending on the scale and pace of immigrant influx. Also,
immigrant-concentrated areas can be distinctly typed based on the
underlying demographic structure of the native residents.
Third, immigrants' perceptions of local communities vary not only
with local characteristics and trajectories of change but also with
individual life-course stages and a sense of regional belonging. In "Rural
Depopulating Areas," satisfaction was high where ethnic networks and
multicultural infrastructure replaced declining preexisting systems.
Conversely, isolation was a key issue in stagnant areas with poor public
transportation systems. Even in rural areas, satisfaction remained high if
convenient transportation allowed residents to maintain connections to
previous residences they were attached to. Furthermore, those residing
with family members often compromised on their place of residence by
considering children's education and spouses' workplaces. Notably, those
on Regional-Specific Visas (F-2-R) often struggled to form a sense of
belonging due to the long-hour labor requirements needed to maintain
status, highlighting that visa design alone cannot ensure long-term
settlement without conditions for social reproduction, such as childcare
and education.
Finally, while national sentiment toward immigrants has grown more
negative, attitudes in aging or depopulating regions have actually
improved. Immigrants in "shrinking areas" are being redefined as a
necessary condition for community survival rather than a social threat, provided the pace of entry does not cause disruption. Ultimately, native
sentiment is shaped less by the scale of immigration and more by the
speed of regional transformation and the narrative of crisis surrounding
it.
The research offers significant theoretical implications. First, this study
reconstructs the concept of the Global Countryside within the South
Korean context. As a result of regional aging and depopulation,
agricultural and manufacturing areas function as nodes for transnational
labor networks. In this process, institutional interventions by the state
and local governments form a distinct sense of place. Second, the study
expands the Politicized Places Hypothesis in the context of structural
shifts like regional depopulation and aging. It demonstrates that the key
factor in shaping native attitudes is not immigrant population size but
the pace of change and the perception of long-term regional crises.
Furthermore, it reveals that similar changes can be politicized differently
depending on the region's industrial structure.
The policy recommendations are twofold. First, place-based immigrant
communities should be introduced, as strengthening immigrant networks
and support organizations (such as translation and legal services) can
foster regional attachment and facilitate long-term settlement. Second,
the study argues that social integration costs are related to the
economic effects of migration, such as welfare costs and regional
growth, are politicized. Policymakers should therefore prioritize
expanding public services and infrastructure so that native residents
experience the tangible benefits of a growing immigrant population.
Securing this positive feedback loop for locals is essential for long-term
social cohesion and regional economic revitalization.