In 2025, South Korea is experiencing extreme ideological conflict following the former president’s declaration of martial law and his impeachment. Surveys confirm that South Korea ranks among the most politically polarized nations globally, with con...
In 2025, South Korea is experiencing extreme ideological conflict following the former president’s declaration of martial law and his impeachment. Surveys confirm that South Korea ranks among the most politically polarized nations globally, with conflicts between the ruling and opposition parties, as well as between liberals and conservatives, constituting the most severe social conflict issue in South Korean society. Political polarization refers to the phenomenon where political opinions are sharply divided into two distinct groups due to differences in political stances regarding ideology, values, and policies. This political polarization generates significant social costs beyond politics, extending into the society, economy, and culture, creating cracks in overall social trust. Furthermore, political polarization is not confined to ideological polarization; it fuels emotional polarization, reinforcing mutual rejection and intolerance, thereby shaking the very foundation of democracy in society.
This societal conflict is spreading among the public due to YouTube. Beyond traditional news outlets, YouTube hosts individuals and influencers who independently produce and report news and political information. Free from the reporting constraints applied to traditional media, they produce political videos using diverse formats, provocative word choices, and subjective interpretations to gain the empathy and support of YouTube users. However, YouTube political videos often mix unverified political information-such as fake news and conspiracy theories etc., with content attacking groups of opposing political orientation. Continuous exposure to such videos increases the risk of forming distorted perceptions of reality and fosters the acceptance of extreme information.
However, watching algorithm-driven political videos on YouTube exacerbates ideological conflicts. YouTube’s algorithm prioritizes personalized content reflecting user preferences based on search and viewing history. Consequently, users are less likely to encounter information contradicting their orientation, becoming trapped in a bubble of biased information that reinforces existing political opinions and attitudes through confirmation bias. Furthermore, viewing political videos dominated by biased perspectives through YouTube’s algorithm can lead to attitude polarization, intensifying preference for one’s own group and hostility toward out-groups. As a result, conversation with those holding different opinions diminishes, the willingness to respect and recognize political freedom and rights (in other words, political tolerance) erodes, and the risk of societal division increases.
The problem is that elementary school students are also exposed to political videos without any filtering based on YouTube algorithm, which influences the forming of their political attitudes. Although political videos are not a major interest for elementary school students, based on YouTube’s algorithm, political videos can appear on YouTube’s home screen or in the recommended videos section shown after watching a video. However many YouTube political videos use provocative thumbnails and captions to entice viewers and in turn, elementary school students, driven by curiosity, watch these videos and indiscriminately absorb political information within them. To make matters worse, viewing harmful political videos feeds into YouTube’s algorithm, making it easier for them to be exposed to similar types of political content. Elementary school students, lacking the ability to discern accurate political information, compared to adults, are more likely to watch provocative and biased political videos. This reduces their exposure to objective and diverse political information diminishing their political tolerance and increasing the likelihood of developing political attitudes unsuitable for becoming democratic citizens.
Ultimately, in a situation where political video exposure driven by YouTube algorithms hinders political tolerance, an educational step is needed to cultivate political tolerance in order to educate students in becoming democratic citizens. This study views media literacy as a solution. Media literacy emphasizes the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes necessary to cultivate the civic competence required for media use. Specifically, it equips individuals with an understanding of media, the ability to critically evaluate media information, the capacity to produce media responsibly, and the attitude to communicate effectively and participate in society using media. This enables them to counteract the harmful political video exposure driven by YouTube algorithms. Consequently, those with media literacy are deemed capable of discerning and avoiding distorted, biased YouTube political videos, thereby mitigating factors detrimental to cultivating political tolerance.
Therefore, this study empirically examines the impact of political video exposure via YouTube algorithms on elementary school students’ political tolerance and analyzes whether media literacy moderates this negative effect. The research questions and hypotheses are as follows.
□ Research Question 1 : Does exposure to political videos via YouTube algorithms affect elementary students’ political tolerance?
■ Hypothesis 1 : The more frequently elementary school students are exposed to political videos via YouTube algorithms, the lower their political tolerance will be.
□ Research Question 2 : Does media literacy exert a moderating effect on the relationship between exposure to political videos via YouTube algorithms and political tolerance among elementary school students?
■ Hypothesis 2 : The higher the level of media literacy among elementary school students, the weaker the negative effect of exposure to political videos via YouTube algorithms on political tolerance.
⦁ Sub-hypothesis 2 : The higher the level of each sub competency of media literacy, the more it will mitigate the negative effect of exposure to political videos via YouTube algorithms on political tolerance.
To test these research hypotheses, a survey was conducted form October 27, to November 7, 2025, targeting fifth and sixth graders from elementary schools located in the Seoul metropolitan area. A total of 464 completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Hypothesis 1 was tested using simple linear regression analysis, and Hypothesis 2 was tested using hierarchical moderated regression analysis.
The results showed that the more frequently elementary students were exposed to political videos via YouTube algorithms, the lower their level of political tolerance was. Thus, Hypothesis 1 was supported. Furthermore, a moderating effect of media literacy was observed: the higher the students’ media literacy level, the more it mitigated the negative impact of political video exposure via YouTube algorithms on political tolerance. Consequently, Hypothesis 2 was also supported. In addition, only the ‘access and selection’ competency and the ‘communication and participation’ competency among the sub-competencies of media literacy were found to have a moderating effect, partially supporting Sub-Hypothesis 2.
These research findings have the following educational implications. First, a systematic educational framework for cultivating political tolerance is necessary. Despite the fact that exposure to political videos through YouTube algorithm today is a big factor that provokes social conflict, systematic and practical education on political tolerance is absent. It is time to develop political tolerance education that enables students to cultivate practical political tolerance through analysis and reflection at cognitive and emotional level rather than teaching tolerance as an abstract concept. Second, education enabling elementary students to acquire the concept of political tolerance must be strengthened. Foundational political attitudes form during elementary school, and perceptions of politics developed during this period influence subsequent learning and societal views. This means teaching the concept of political tolerance and fostering attitudes of political tolerance in elementary school is by no means premature. Therefore, efforts must be made to educate students in becoming democratic citizens through political tolerance education tailored to their developmental stage. Third, in-depth discussions are needed on media literacy education that can help cultivate political tolerance. Research on educational content and methods should be deepened, particularly focusing on the sub-competencies of media literacy such as ‘access and selection’ and ‘communication and participation’ that can aid in forming political tolerance. In addition, although this study did not yield significant results with ‘analysis and evaluation’ sub- competency, consideration must accompany how learning the ‘analysis and evaluation’ competency-a core sub-competency of media literacy- can cultivate political tolerance. It is hoped that the media literacy competencies elementary school students develop in their exposure to political information will lead to the manifestation of political tolerance.