Korea's early childhood education integration, which has repeatedly advanced and stalled over the past 30 years, gained momentum in earnest following the 2024 revision of the Government Organization Act and the confirmation of the transfer of administ...
Korea's early childhood education integration, which has repeatedly advanced and stalled over the past 30 years, gained momentum in earnest following the 2024 revision of the Government Organization Act and the confirmation of the transfer of administrative duties to the Ministry of Education. However, resistance persists in the field. Against this backdrop, this study began with the question of how to bridge the gap between policy implementation and field practice. Field teachers who hold both kindergarten teacher and childcare teacher qualifications and have experience working as full-time teachers in both institutions were selected as research subjects. This selection was based on the judgment that they could diagnose realistic directions and alternatives for the integration from a more balanced perspective. The study aimed to understand the structural differences between the two institutions based on the participants' cross-institutional work experience and to qualitatively analyze the contextual implications for policy through their perceptions of the integration. Furthermore, the study sought to explore the prerequisites for the acceptance of ‘teacher integration’—a core issue in kindergarten-daycare integration—in the field, gather diverse opinions, and derive practical policy implications from the field's perspective. Therefore, a case study method based on Stake's (1995) constructivist perspective was applied. Teachers holding dual qualifications with experience working across both institutions were selected as cases. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, and the collected data underwent qualitative analysis procedures to derive research findings.
The research findings were as follows. First, the participants recognized distinct differences between the working environments of kindergartens and daycare centers in terms of working conditions, professional support systems, lesson preparation time, and teaching direction. The structural differences in the work environments they experienced influenced the time investment in lesson preparation and the direction of classroom management for children aged 3-5 in both institutions. As a result, the teachers themselves recognized a decline in the quality of instruction. Second, the multiple-certification teachers' experience working across institutions was found to be directly and indirectly related to the formation of their perceptions regarding the integration of kindergarten and childcare. Research participants stated that experiencing both institutions allowed them to understand the perspectives of both systems. While generally agreeing with the necessity of early childhood education integration from a long-term perspective, they pointed to teacher integration issues as a key source of resistance. They generally displayed an attitude of ‘conditional acceptance,’ indicating they could agree to integration if certain prerequisites were met. However, they expressed concern that a unilateral teacher integration process that places everyone on an equal footing without sufficiently reflecting the distinct layers formed under the current system—such as teachers' qualifications, treatment, and status—could provoke strong resistance in the field. Third, research participants held expectations that their backgrounds could connect to new opportunities during this institutional transition period of preschool-kindergarten integration. Furthermore, they positioned themselves as ‘mediators connecting the two systems’. Recognizing themselves as teachers who had experienced the differences of both systems, they believed they could convey the realities of the field to policy discussions during the integration process and serve as a bridge between the two operating institutions.
Finally, they all emphasized that integrated childcare requires a foundation of enhanced teacher expertise and improved teacher treatment. Specific measures proposed included improving expertise for both infant and toddler care, strengthening teacher qualification standards and extending training periods, and expanding the supply chain for new integrated specialists. Furthermore, they suggested ideas and plans for various teacher integration models. The researcher synthesized these into three categories: ① Integration under a separate infant-toddler/preschool teacher system, ② Integration based on teacher levels, and ③ Phased integration centered on public institutions. While some participants disagreed on the consolidated integration plan, there was a common consensus that integration should proceed gradually after first resolving structural disparities in working conditions and establishing a clear framework. Based on the research findings, the study recommended setting the improvement of teacher treatment and the resolution of structural disparities as prerequisites for deferred integration. It further suggested that teacher integration requires a gradual and systematic approach reflecting diverse levels, and that teachers holding dual qualifications with experience in both institutions should be actively utilized as mediators for institutional transition.