This study begins from a fundamental question: does the accession of female national leaders actually lead to an improvement in women’s political representation? By comparatively examining two female heads of government—Park Geun-hye and Tsai Ing-...
This study begins from a fundamental question: does the accession of female national leaders actually lead to an improvement in women’s political representation? By comparatively examining two female heads of government—Park Geun-hye and Tsai Ing-wen—this research interrogates the assumption that women’s leadership inherently advances substantive gender equality. Although the increasing presence of women in politics has emerged as a global trend, numerous country cases repeatedly demonstrate that the mere existence of female leaders does not necessarily translate into tangible progress toward gender equality. In East Asia in particular, female leaders have often emerged from political dynasties, generating sustained debate over how such leaders formulate and implement gender-related policies. Against this backdrop, a comparison between Park Geun-hye and Tsai Ing-wen—who operate within broadly similar cultural and institutional contexts yet possess sharply contrasting political backgrounds—offers important analytical insights for the study of women’s political representation.
Existing scholarship has predominantly adopted a structural approach to women’s political leadership, emphasizing factors such as gender quotas, cultural norms, and institutional barriers in explaining the general conditions of women’s political participation. While this literature has significantly contributed to our understanding of women’s access to political power, it remains limited in explaining policy variation among female leaders. In particular, there is a lack of integrated discussion regarding how individual background characteristics, pathways to power, and relationships with political parties and civil society translate into concrete policy outcomes. To address this gap, this study conceptualizes the political origins of female leaders as part of a causal mechanism linking leadership background to policy output, and proposes an analytical framework structured around political origin – pathway to power – support base – policy output.
Methodologically, this research conducts a comparative analysis of the direction, institutional positioning, and structural design of women’s policies under the two administrations, drawing on presidential campaign pledges, official policy documents, and gender equality–related institutional frameworks. For South Korea, The 140 Key Policy Tasks of the Park Geun-hye Administration serves as the primary source, while for Taiwan, The Gender Equality Policy Guidelines (性別平等政策綱領) is employed as the core comparative document. These documents are of particular significance as they represent the most authoritative official materials through which the status of women’s policies within the broader national policy system and their degree of institutionalization can be assessed.
The analysis reveals marked differences between the two governments in terms of the status of women’s policies, institutional design, and policy-driving capacity. The Park Geun-hye administration positioned women’s policies largely in functional linkage with family policy and low-fertility policy, with policy emphasis disproportionately concentrated on motherhood and familial roles. In contrast, the Tsai Ing-wen administration defined gender equality as a core principle of state governance and established a cross-ministerial policy structure through institutional mechanisms such as gender impact assessments and gender-responsive budgeting. These institutional differences are shown to stem from the leaders’ divergent political origins, modes of accession to power, and the nature of their respective support coalitions. In other words, leaders with dynastic and conservative support bases and those with non-dynastic, reform-oriented coalitions tend to translate similar women-related agendas into fundamentally different policy directions and depths of institutionalization.
The academic contributions of this study are threefold. First, whereas prior research has often discussed the effects of female leadership in a fragmented manner, this study enhances the theoretical explanatory power of women’s representation research by presenting a causal linkage from political origin to policy output. Second, by comparing two prominent East Asian cases—Park Geun-hye and Tsai Ing-wen—this research demonstrates that even under comparable structural conditions, the level of institutionalization and substantive representation in women’s policies can vary significantly depending on individual-level political factors. Third, the study reaffirms that women’s policies extend beyond welfare or family support and are closely intertwined with broader governance structures and institutional operating principles, thereby expanding the analytical scope of future research on gender equality policy in East Asia.
Nevertheless, this study is limited by its focus on only two regional cases, which constrains the generalizability of its findings. In addition, it does not fully account for micro-level factors such as intra-party dynamics or the personal beliefs of political leaders during the policy-making process. Future research should therefore incorporate interview data and policy process analysis to more deeply examine how leadership styles, party structures, and modes of engagement with civil society shape policy outcomes and levels of substantive representation under female political leadership.