Democracy develops through the voluntary participation and rational decision-making of citizens. Since the maintenance and development of democracy ultimately depend on citizens’ sustained willingness to participate, social participation consciousne...
Democracy develops through the voluntary participation and rational decision-making of citizens. Since the maintenance and development of democracy ultimately depend on citizens’ sustained willingness to participate, social participation consciousness has been emphasized as a primary goal of democratic citizenship education and a core element of civic consciousness. To foster this, social studies education has developed various educational approaches—such as experiential education, youth councils, mock elections, and debate classes—and empirically verified their effectiveness.
However, the expected effects have not been fully realized in educational settings. While Korean adolescents possess sufficient cognitive competence for citizenship, their levels of civil society participation and future voting intentions are lower than those in other countries. This study identified the cause of this phenomenon in learned helplessness. In a competition-oriented education system, students experience repeated academic failures, leading to learned helplessness that extends beyond the academic domain to encompass everyday life, including social participation. The attitude of students who do not even attempt to begin due to the mere possibility of failure can become a barrier to their growth as participatory citizens. Therefore, to ensure the effectiveness of existing social participation consciousness education, an approach that first restores students’ psychological foundation for participation is required. To this end, this study developed “failure acceptance education” to alleviate learned helplessness and explored the process through which restored agency leads to the enhancement of social participation consciousness.
This study established the research question: “Through what process does failure acceptance education enhance the social participation consciousness of secondary school students?” and adopted a grounded theory approach. Specifically, a four-session failure acceptance education program was conducted for students in two third-year middle school classes in Seoul. Changes in learned helplessness and social participation consciousness were measured through pre- and post-tests, and eight participants who showed significant improvement in social participation consciousness were selected for in-depth interviews. The collected interview data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding following Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory procedures. The analysis yielded 73 concepts, 22 subcategories, and 10 categories. The core category was identified as a process in which recognizing the value of the attempt itself releases psychological inhibition caused by fear of failure. Subsequently, the agency formed through the recovery of a sense of control and confidence in the academic domain was found to extend to the social domain, thereby activating latent social participation consciousness.
The specific findings are as follows. First, through failure acceptance education, participants came to accept failure not only as negative but as a part of the learning process that everyone experiences, and based on this, they recognized the value of the attempt itself. This shift in perception led participants to realize that outcomes could change depending on their attempts, thereby restoring their sense of control. The recovery of a sense of control signified the resolution of uncontrollability, a core characteristic of learned helplessness, and participants formed a proactive attitude toward attempting despite the possibility of failure.
Second, as learned helplessness was alleviated, changes also appeared in participants’ social participation consciousness. Participants had exhibited passive and avoidant attitudes and indifference to their surroundings due to learned helplessness. After failure acceptance education, they began to actively take interest in their surroundings and social issues. The thought that “efforts lead to different outcomes” applied in the academic domain, was transferred as social efficacy in the social domain and reflected as “participation in solving social problems brings about change”. Furthermore, participants who had hesitated to participate when success was not guaranteed came to attribute meaning to participation itself regardless of success or failure, forming an attitude that enabled them to grow into actively participating citizens.
Third, the enhancement of social participation consciousness through failure acceptance education operated through two mechanisms. On one hand, activation of latent social participation consciousness occurred. Participants had already been interested in social issues and recognized the need for participation, but hesitated due to fear of failure, perception of the meaninglessness of attempts, and sense of uncontrollability. Through failure acceptance education, participants came to accept failure and recognize the value of the attempt itself. Based on this, they recovered their sense of control, and as psychological barriers were resolved, previously latent social participation consciousness was activated. On the other hand, expansion of overall agency occurred. Participants had been passive and avoidant in all aspects of life due to learned helplessness. As helplessness was alleviated, they formed a proactive attitude, taking interest in their surroundings and social issues. The agency recovered in the academic domain naturally extended to the social domain, leading to the formation of willingness to participate in solving social problems on their own, regardless of others’ participation or expected outcomes. Through these two processes, a foundation was established for participants who knew the necessity of participation but could not practice it to grow into actively participating citizens.
This study has the following significance. Theoretically, it presented a new perspective to the field of social studies education by explaining the insufficient effectiveness of existing participation consciousness enhancement approaches through the lens of learned helplessness. In particular, it revealed the relationship between learned helplessness and social participation consciousness, and proposed that restoring students’ psychological foundation should precede participation education. Additionally, it empirically demonstrated that failure acceptance can be effective in alleviating learned helplessness and enhancing social participation consciousness, and theorized this process. Methodologically, this study systematically analyzed the educational process through a grounded theory approach and discovered two mechanisms: activation of latent social participation consciousness and expansion of agency. Practically, this study developed a four-session failure acceptance education program that can be immediately utilized in the field. This program not only provides specific support for students who hesitate to participate due to learned helplessness, but can also serve as preliminary education to enhance the effectiveness of existing participation education. However, for these achievements to be practically utilized in social studies education, future research is needed to develop an integrated model that effectively combines failure acceptance education with existing approaches. In addition, future studies should longitudinally verify the sustainability of educational effects and examine the process through which participation willingness leads to actual participatory behavior.