Students today live in an era of rapid change and uncertainty driven by infectious diseases, artificial intelligence, and the climate crisis. Consequently, education focuses on cultivating students' ability to actively manage uncertainty in an unpredi...
Students today live in an era of rapid change and uncertainty driven by infectious diseases, artificial intelligence, and the climate crisis. Consequently, education focuses on cultivating students' ability to actively manage uncertainty in an unpredictable future. This trend is equally evident in science education. Students inevitably encounter difficulties, specifically uncertainties, when interacting with data or peers that cannot be easily resolved with prior knowledge. Thus, the ability to manage such uncertainty has become critical. However, in science classrooms, uncertainty is still often viewed as an obstacle to learning that must be removed. Therefore, this study aimed to empirically explore in depth the types of uncertainties students experience in small-group scientific argumentation and the processes by which they raise and maintain them.
Korean seventh-grade students participated in the study, engaging in small-group argumentation on the topic of photosynthesis. We selected four focal groups that actively participated in argumentation and showed rich discourse. Three argumentative lessons were chosen for detailed analysis. All lesson transcripts, small-group interviews, student worksheets, and the researcher's field notes were collected and analyzed qualitatively. The entire analysis followed the constant comparative method to ensure reliability.
[Research Theme I] revealed three major types of uncertainty that contributed to the small-group argumentation. First, uncertainty regarding scientific content knowledge prompted conceptual support from high-achieving peers or the teacher, thereby facilitating the justification of arguments. Second, uncertainty regarding data encouraged students to consider alternative perspectives. This led students to raise rebuttals against dominant opinions and engage in collaborative reasoning to reach a consensus. Finally, uncertainty regarding the method of constructing scientific arguments elicited epistemic support from the leader, who was more proficient in argumentation. Rather than allowing peers to passively follow her opinions, the leader encouraged them to present their own evidence. These findings show that uncertainty, depending on its type, can productively contribute to argumentation—specifically through justification, rebuttal, reasoning, and the presentation of one's own evidence—when it is either reduced or maintained with appropriate conceptual and epistemic support from peers.
[Research Theme II] identified how students raised and maintained uncertainty during small-group scientific argumentation, and the conceptual and epistemic learning opportunities afforded by these processes. When students merely listed individual ideas without attending to differences, uncertainty was not raised, and argumentation remained at a superficial level. Although uncertainty was raised by students as they questioned others’ ideas or data, it was not maintained when leaders prioritized their own explanations or deferred to authoritative sources, which prematurely ended the discussions.
In contrast, maintaining uncertainty was particularly frequent in the open-ended inquiry task and was consistently observed across all three lessons in the group led by a leader who pursued the coexistence of diverse perspectives. Within these two main contexts, maintaining uncertainty allowed students to compare ideas, rebut and justify arguments, and engage in conceptual and epistemic learning, such as reconstructing prior knowledge and critiquing the validity of experimental designs. These findings indicate that open-ended inquiry tasks and inclusive leadership can serve as key contextual factors for maintaining uncertainty. Conversely, uncertainty may not be raised or maintained when students disregard each other's opinions, leaders focus solely on their own explanations, or students defer to the authority of scientific terms and the teacher.
In conclusion, by illuminating uncertainty through the dual dimensions of types and processes, this study empirically demonstrates that uncertainty is an intrinsic element and a key driving force in the knowledge construction process. These findings emphasize the necessity of instructional designs that actively support students in navigating uncertainty in science classrooms. This study can provide a theoretical and empirical background for future research in science classrooms centered on uncertainty.