This study was conducted to examine the relationships among patient severity, nursing care needs, and patient outcomes in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), and to provide evidence for establishing a severity-based management system. A retrospect...
This study was conducted to examine the relationships among patient severity, nursing care needs, and patient outcomes in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), and to provide evidence for establishing a severity-based management system. A retrospective medical record review was performed for patients admitted to the PICU of a tertiary hospital from April 1, 2024, to April 1, 2025. Severity scores within the first 24 hours of admission were calculated using the PRISM III (Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score III) calculator provided on the website of the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN), a research network partnered with the U.S. government. Nursing care needs were assessed using the Korean Patient Classification System for Critical Care Nurses (KPCSC) measured on the day of admission. Patient outcomes included PICU length of stay, early readmission, cardiac arrest, and PICU and in-hospital death. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 26.0 and SAS software, with a significance level set at p < .05. Chi-square tests, Pearson’s correlation, one-way ANOVA, simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.
The mean PRISM III score was 8.87±8.40, corresponding to a low-risk severity level. Although the very low-risk and low-risk groups accounted for the majority of patients (37.6% and 26.1%, respectively), the very high-risk group constituted 11.3%, demonstrating a polarized severity distribution. The mean nursing care needs score was 128.33±31.95, with most patients classified into Group 3 (50.7%) and Group 4 (35.7%), indicating high nursing care demand. Descriptive statistics showed that, despite the predominance of physiologically low-risk patients, a substantial proportion required high levels of nursing care. The correlation coefficient between severity and nursing care needs was r = .461, demonstrating a moderate and significant positive correlation (p < .001), and the distribution of severity groups differed significantly across nursing care groups. One-way ANOVA revealed that higher severity groups had significantly higher total nursing care needs.
Regarding patient outcomes, the mean PICU length of stay was 10.43±19.26 days, with rates of early readmission, cardiac arrest, and overall death of 3.0%, 2.0%, and 7.2% (4.1% ICU death and 3.1% in-hospital death), respectively. Comparisons across severity groups showed that PICU length of stay increased significantly with higher severity, and rates of early readmission, cardiac arrest, and death also rose. In particular, compared with the very low mortality-risk group, the high- and very high-risk groups showed significantly higher risks of both in-hospital death and ICU death, and the risk of in-hospital death also increased as nursing care needs rose to level 4. In addition, pressure sores, multidrug-resistant bacteria, and the use of CRRT were identified as clinical characteristics associated with mortality.
In summary, although many PICU patients were classified as low-risk based on physiologic severity, a large proportion required high nursing care, and increases in severity were associated with higher nursing workload and poorer patient outcomes. These findings suggest that, in determining PICU staffing and patient safety strategies, it is necessary to incorporate nursing care needs—reflecting pediatric-specific characteristics—rather than relying solely on patient counts or physiologic severity. Additionally, early admission severity scores demonstrated their utility in predicting mortality risk and major outcomes among PICU patients in Korea. The significance of this study lies in its integrated evaluation of severity, nursing care needs, and patient outcomes among Korean PICU patients, addressing gaps in previous research that focused primarily on adult populations or specific disease groups. Future studies examining the utility of pediatric patient classification systems and the relationships among nursing workload, staffing, and outcomes will further contribute to improving the quality of PICU nursing care and ensuring patient safety in Korea.