During the breeding season, seabirds perform central-place foraging, utilizing their colonies as a base to provide resources for their chicks. The balance between movement costs and resource acquisition interacts with individual fitness and population...
During the breeding season, seabirds perform central-place foraging, utilizing their colonies as a base to provide resources for their chicks. The balance between movement costs and resource acquisition interacts with individual fitness and population dynamics, serving as a foundation for understanding the life history and breeding behavior of the species. However, domestic research on the relationship between the spatial utilization of breeding-season foraging trips and individual survival is still lacking. In particular, the Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris) is a dominant species on the west coast of Korea, where large-scale development projects like offshore windfarms (OWF) are concentrated, yet there are few studies on how anthropogenic disturbances within breeding habitats affect their spatial use. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify factors influencing the foraging trip characteristics and survival rates of Black-tailed Gulls and to determine the priority factors for spatial selection in a changing marine environment. Ultimately, the study sought to understand their life history traits and space-use strategies and to consider the conservation implications of anthropogenic disturbances on individual survival and population persistence. To achieve this, long-term GPS tracking data from Black-tailed Gulls breeding in colonies along the West Sea were used to analyze the relationship between foraging trip characteristics and adult survival rates. Additionally, the study verified the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the spatial distribution of breeding-season trips, focusing on the newly constructed Jeonnam Offshore Wind Farm Complex 1. The analysis showed that while the subjects exhibited relatively flexible spatial use within a single breeding season, their inter-annual spatial fidelity was high. A significant positive correlation was found between these two scales of spatial fidelity, meaning that individuals using consistent foraging areas within a single breeding season (intra-annual) tended to have more fixed space-use distributions across years (inter-annual). This indicates that Black-tailed Gulls adopt flexible opportunistic foraging behaviors based on individual experience within familiar habitat ranges. Analysis of survival factors from May 2021 to October 2025 indicated that the study period, colony, and mean maximum foraging distance (Homedist) did not have a significant impact on survival rates. Sex was identified as the sole key variable influencing survival, with the survival rate of males (90.59%) being significantly higher than that of females (78.53%). Cumulative survival curves revealed that female survival tended to drop during the pre-breeding to early-breeding period from February to April. This suggests that physiological differences or disparities in resource competition between the sexes have a greater impact on survival than short-term movement costs during the breeding season. Regarding spatial selection factors, proximity to land and fishery catch volum were significant preference factors, while the preference for water depth varied by colony. Conversely, no significant difference was found in the influence of the distance to the OWF between the post-construction year (2025) and pre-construction years (2022–2024). This implies that the gulls may not have perceived the new disturbance as a risk, or they prioritized experience-based benefits from their preferred factors and optimal paths over potential risks. The high site fidelity and consistent individual behavior confirmed in this study are typical characteristics of the seabird taxon, which enhances foraging efficiency by accumulating experience with resources and the environment over a long lifespan. Generally, Black-tailed Gulls are known to be insensitive to anthropogenic changes, which can be interpreted as a result of their opportunistic behavioral traits that prioritize existing experience and preferences. Low sensitivity to disturbances and high breeding density near development zones increase individual exposure to potential threats, potentially increasing long-term population vulnerability given the critical nature of adult survival in seabirds. Therefore, it is crucial to minimize interference with existing core habitats from the site selection stage of development and to establish a Before-After monitoring system to evaluate long-term impacts. This study clarifies the foraging trip characteristics and survival rates of Black-tailed Gulls through quantitative analysis and provides conservation implications by interpreting the impact of new anthropogenic disturbances on spatial selection. These findings are expected to supplement insufficient information on domestic populations and provide scholarly evidence supporting previous studies.