This study conceptualizes injured workers’ return to work (RTW) as a dynamic process unfolding through individual choice and the interaction between labor supply and labor demand. Addressing the limitations of fragmented approaches, it conducts an i...
This study conceptualizes injured workers’ return to work (RTW) as a dynamic process unfolding through individual choice and the interaction between labor supply and labor demand. Addressing the limitations of fragmented approaches, it conducts an integrated empirical analysis along three axes: labor demand and structural/institutional factors (X-axis), economic pressure (Y-axis), and job function–demand congruence (Z-axis). Moving beyond a binary measure of return, the study jointly evaluates return timing (duration to return) and qualitative return types (return to original workplace/regular employment, return to different workplace/same job, and return to different workplace/different job). Through this approach, it validates a “dual-path” conceptual framework in which determinants operate differentially along two distinct paths: one regulating the likelihood of return and the other regulating the timing of return.
The analysis utilizes data from 3,139 wage workers who completed medical care in the third cohort of the Korean Workers’ Compensation Insurance Panel Survey. The dependent variables are return within 365 days of care completion (analyzed via logistic regression) and time to return (analyzed via Cox proportional hazards models). To estimate return probabilities and timing by return type and employment type with greater granularity, the study additionally applies multinomial logistic regression and the Fine–Gray competing risks model. Explanatory variables, organized into the X, Y, and Z axes, are entered into unified models to estimate mutually adjusted effects.
The results confirm a hierarchical preference in qualitative return types—prioritizing return to the original workplace and regular employment, followed by return to a different workplace with the same job, and finally, return to a different workplace with a different job. Furthermore, the findings reveal that RTW determinants operate through a dual-path mechanism, exerting opposing or asymmetric effects across the return-likelihood path and the return-timing path.
Based on these mechanisms, the study identifies four core RTW patterns and derives corresponding principles for policy intervention.
First, the stable employment-based delayed return pattern occurs when workers with long tenure or advantaged labor market positions (X+) strategically delay their return to preferred employment types to secure sufficient recovery, supported by favorable job function–demand congruence (Z+); the policy implication is to institutionalize gradual RTW arrangements and job accommodation procedures.
Second, the economic pressure-based accelerated return pattern reflects a dynamic in which high household spending pressure or debt (Y+) reduces workers’ capacity to wait, increasing selection into non-preferred paths and compelling early return; intervention principles should aim to curb involuntary early return by adjusting the wage-replacement benefit structure to guarantee a stable minimum livelihood and by institutionalizing the combination of partial work and partial benefits.
Third, the accelerated return pattern for seizing limited opportunities describes cases where, despite functional constraints (Z−) or unfavorable organizational conditions (X−), early return occurs when a rare opportunity for a preferred type emerges, driven by the pressure not to miss it; interventions must prevent unsafe return under insufficient congruence and ensure safe return by providing early intensive rehabilitation and mandating formal job fitness assessments.
Fourth, the transition friction-based delayed return pattern occurs when return via a preferred path is blocked—typically under unfavorable organizational (X−) and functional (Z−) conditions—and return via a non-preferred path is delayed due to search, retraining, and readaptation costs; accordingly, transition criteria and procedures must be clearly specified, and transition costs should be socially shared through training allowances and hiring subsidies to mitigate long-term unemployment.
Academically, this study contributes by overcoming segmented research trends and establishing a comprehensive analytical framework integrating job-function, economic, and structural/institutional factors. By validating the dual-path framework, it offers a deeper explanation of complex RTW mechanisms. From a policy perspective, the study proposes tailored intervention principles aligned with the four patterns, providing an empirical basis for designing policies that balance injured worker protection with institutional efficiency—preserving return quality while preventing unnecessary delays and involuntary early return.