This study examines the transitions of craft movements as social movements. Departing from existing scholarship that has predominantly focused on art history—often overlooking the practical dynamism of craft—this research diachronically analyzes c...
This study examines the transitions of craft movements as social movements. Departing from existing scholarship that has predominantly focused on art history—often overlooking the practical dynamism of craft—this research diachronically analyzes craft movements to understand them as practices of social criticism and reform. Beginning with the British Arts and Crafts Movement, the study explores social reformist craft movements in Europe, the United States, and Japan in the early 20th century, craft as the tactical tool within counterculture movements since the 1960s, and contemporary manifestations such as Craftivism, Indie Craft Movement, the Maker Movement, and the Right-to-repair Movement. The analysis focuses on the interactions and historical continuity among these various iterations of craft movements as social movements.
The theoretical framework for analyzing craft movements is grounded in the development of social movement theories. While social movements originated as labor movements during modern industrialization, the mid-20th century saw a rise of new social movements centered on culture and identity, leading to the development of Resource Mobilization Theory and New Social Movement Theory. Based on these frameworks, this study argues that craft movements constitute social movements, as they involve collective action and cultural practices aimed at resolving specific social issues and pursuing social change with a shared consciousness. Furthermore, the domain-specific characteristics of craft—integrated and autonomous making process, the symbolism of craft objects as concrete signifiers of ideology, and the nature of physical practice—form a unique mode of practice as a language of social movements. Key theoretical lenses used to track these transitions include Frame Theory, New Social Movement Theory, and Lifestyle Movement Theory.
The origin of craft movements lies in the 19th-century British Arts and Crafts Movement. Elite intellectuals and artists, led by William Morris, criticized the degradation of labor and material culture in industrial capitalism and the alienation of fine art from everyday life. They challenged dominant views of labor and art by proposing a new production frame that reintegrated the two. By positioning the creation of beautiful, handmade everyday objects as a political act for aesthetic and social reform, they launched a social movement seeking change through the restructuring of production systems and the qualitative improvement of the material environment. This established the foundational model of craft movements: pursuing social change through making.
From the late 19th to the early 20th century, as the Arts and Crafts Movement spread to the U.S., Europe and Japan, it diversified into various social movements by aligning with the distinct social challenges and practices of each region. During this period, the agents expanded from male elite intellectuals to women, philanthropists, and educators, while the beneficiaries grew to include laborers, peasants, immigrants, women, and children. Craft gained attention as a practical language for embodying social ethics, and was explored as a methodology for enhancing social capital, community integration, and modern civil socialization. Consequently, the social utility of the act of making itself was significantly strengthened. While some practices became institutionalized through state-led rural development and education systems, the movements also experienced a rift between art and social movements during the rise of Studio Craft. As craft identity shifted toward individual artistic expression, the politics of labor and communal values were marginalized, weakening the character as a vehicle for social change.
Since the 1960s, craft was rediscovered within counterculture movements as a tactic of life politics to criticize and refute dominant hegemonies. For the resistant youth, represented by Hippies, DIY and craft were methodologies for reclaiming freedom from macro-systems. This period saw a surge in amateur practices, where craft objects functioned as symbolic signifiers of an alternative lifestyle. Unlike previous hierarchical social movement organizations, these emerged as decentralized, networked movements. The transformation of handwork, such as stitching—previously dismissed as domestic labor or mere hobbies—into a subversive language of resistance was particularly notable, establishing craft as a firm political tool for marginalized groups, including women and sexual minorities.
In the 21st century, craft movements intervene in diverse social agendas—such as the climate justice, human rights, and alternative economies—through everyday making practices. These movements have expanded into Craftivism, Indie Craft Movement, the Maker Movement, and the Right-to-repair Movement. Leveraging digital technology, these initiatives unfold with global simultaneity through online platforms and non-profit networks. In this process, a horizontal and integrated structure emerged where various layers of citizens—including makers, crafters, activists, and consumers—act as both participants and beneficiaries. Micro-level daily acts of making and repair are now regarded as agency for lifestyle-based civil movements, empowering individuals to respond creatively to macro-level issues. These movements show main characteristics of post-subcultural identity, consumer movements, and lifestyle movements. The act of making serves as a practical language that establishes new social practices, building a sphere of life politics.
In conclusion, craft movements have transitioned from the late 19th century to the 21st century as complex social movements combining social resistance and cultural reform. While early 20th-century concerns focused on labor and distribution, today’s agendas have diversified to include the climate crisis and human rights. Furthermore, these movements have evolved from proposing alternatives at the level of production of artifacts to civil movements centered on the making practices of all citizens. The actors have expanded to women, amateur makers, and activists. Organizations and media have expanded, ranging from local handwork-centered small groups to online public spheres and digital fabrication platforms. A horizontal relationship has been strengthened, where the roles of actors and beneficiaries are increasingly integrated. Overall, these movements are characterized by the coexistence of conservatism and progressivism, and a focus on gradual social change through lifestyle practices. Despite recurring challenges such as commercialization, this study demonstrates that the attempt to change society through making has been a constant. Craft thus demonstrates that individuals can function as active agents in the making and reconstruction of society.
By framing craft movements as practices that bridge social resistance and cultural reform, this study contributes to understanding craft as a cultural and political language discourse. Through a general historical inquiry into the transitions of craft movements since the 19th century, this research captures the dynamic and political implications of making. While limited by its geographical focus on parts of Europe, the United States, Japan, and Korea, this research broadens the interpretive scope of the social significance of craft movements. It is expected that these attempts will serve as a complementary foundation for future research in the field of craft studies.