Environmental issues such as the climate crisis, biodiversity loss, and energy transition involve complex intertwined factors and stakeholders, making them difficult to understand through simple cause-and-effect frameworks alone. Therefore, to effecti...
Environmental issues such as the climate crisis, biodiversity loss, and energy transition involve complex intertwined factors and stakeholders, making them difficult to understand through simple cause-and-effect frameworks alone. Therefore, to effectively educate on these issues, it is necessary to move beyond mere knowledge acquisition and focus on systems thinking—considering the interconnectedness and feedback loops between elements, as well as time lags and long-term consequences. However, schools currently lack systematic instruction on systems thinking. This study developed a branching scenario-based environmental education program and analyzed its impact on elementary students' systems thinking.
The research proceeded as follows: First, the DSRP (Distinction, System, Relationship, Perspective) theory was restructured for the elementary level. Drawing on Kolb's experiential learning and the 5E instructional model, a branching scenario-based environmental education program was designed with five stages: Introduce–Explore–Experiment–Apply–Reflect. The program, themed around ecology and energy, was structured so that students experienced different paths and outcomes based on their choices at sequential decision points. The developed program was subsequently applied to sixth-grade elementary students. The treatment group received instruction using the branching scenario, while the comparison group received knowledge-transmission instruction. Pre- and post-tests were conducted using a system thinking assessment tool and a causal map developed based on DSRP theory. Additionally, reflective essays were collected from the treatment group.
The results showed that both the treatment and comparison groups improved their system thinking test scores post-intervention compared to pre-test. However, the treatment group demonstrated greater overall score increases and larger improvements across the four subdomains (Distinction, System, Relationship, Perspective). Particularly, medium to large effect sizes were observed in areas related to recognizing part-whole structures (S), indirect/long-term causation (R), and considering diverse perspectives (P). Regarding causal mapping analysis, the post-test revealed that the treatment group used significantly more concepts and causal links than the comparison group. Additionally, multi-step causal chains involving intermediate mediating concepts and multi-path structures appeared more frequently. Cases linking environmental pollution or ecosystem changes with health, quality of life, and socio-economic factors increased, confirming a strengthened tendency to understand environmental issues not as phenomena confined to nature and ecology, but as problems entangled with human and social systems. Meanwhile, for cyclical structures like feedback loops, greater improvement was observed in the treatment group compared to the comparison group, though the difference between groups was limited relative to other indicators.
Analysis of student reflections revealed that students formed a perspective considering actions, intermediate processes, and delayed outcomes, mentioning causal chains linking their choices, environmental conditions, and others' lives. They also recognized that different choices are possible in the same situation depending on interests and values, showing an attitude of comparing and reviewing the pros and cons of various perspectives and choices. Regarding teaching methods, students perceived the branching scenario lesson as distinct from conventional classes. They expressed interest in its structure, where outcomes varied based on choices, and experienced proactive participation. Some students reported making more careful environmental choices post-lesson and showed a tendency to view environmental issues as tasks connected to their own lives.
In summary, the branching scenario-based environmental education program developed and applied in this study positively influenced elementary students' system thinking. The effectiveness of the program was consistently demonstrated across different data sources—self-report questionnaires, causal maps, and reflective essays—allowing this study to confirm the program's impact from multiple angles. This study holds significance as an empirical case presenting a concrete teaching-learning model for cultivating systems thinking in elementary environmental education.