This dissertation examines how debates and preferences regarding South Korea’s military service system are structured and organized, focusing on the relationship between political ideology, media discourse, and perceptions of gender fairness in mili...
This dissertation examines how debates and preferences regarding South Korea’s military service system are structured and organized, focusing on the relationship between political ideology, media discourse, and perceptions of gender fairness in military obligation. Specifically, it asks: (1) how do newspapers frame military service systems, and do these frames differ by political orientation of the press? and (2) how does multidimensional political ideology shape individual preferences for conscription and a volunteer force, particularly among younger cohorts in which gender conflict is pronounced?
The findings are as follows. First, media coverage of military service systems diverges sharply according to press ideology. Progressive newspapers tend to emphasize conscription as a mechanism that suppresses individual freedom or intensifies social conflict, highlighting issues such as conscientious objection and gender conflict. Conservative newspapers, by contrast, focus on the maintenance and reinforcement of conscription, stressing the principle of universal duty and prioritizing issues such as alternative service, military obligation, and exemptions.
Second, analyses of issue-based ideological measures indicate that political ideology in South Korea consists of three underlying dimensions—economic, social, and security. Moreover, a latent class analysis identifies four distinct ideological groups, labeled the male-centered vulnerable group, moderate conservative group, moderate progressive group, and status-quo progressive group, based on response patterns to issue items and differences in key attitudinal and sociodemographic characteristics.
Third, individual preferences regarding the military service system are not adequately explained by a single left–right ideological dimension, whereas multidimensional ideology provides substantially stronger explanatory power. The male-centered vulnerable group shows a high probability of preferring conscription while simultaneously exhibiting support for a shift toward a volunteer force. Notably, pro-volunteer preferences are more pronounced among younger respondents who strongly perceive conscription as discriminatory against men. In contrast, the status-quo progressive group demonstrates a tendency to support conscription, diverging from conventional expectations in prior research that progressives favor a volunteer force. This pattern appears attributable to the group’s relatively high proportion of women, stronger institutional trust, and the lowest level of perceived male discrimination in conscription.
Fourth, perceptions of gender fairness in military obligation significantly shape military service preferences. Perceiving conscription as discriminatory against men decreases support for conscription and increases support for a volunteer force. Among young adults, the effect of support for women’s conscription is moderated by gender: for example, women who express lower agreement with women’s conscription are more likely to favor conscription, whereas women who express higher agreement show an increased probability of supporting a mixed system.
Taken together, press discourse exhibits sharp polarization that aligns with a unidimensional ideological divide-progressive media being relatively more compatible with a volunteer force and conservative media with conscription-while public preferences cannot be sufficiently understood through a traditional left-right continuum. Instead, multidimensional ideology offers a more effective framework for capturing the heterogeneous motivations underlying military service preferences.
Based on these findings, this study offers three implications. First, it is necessary to “imagine” a wider range of possible military service systems beyond the current binary. Second, it is important to recognize that younger cohorts’ preferences may emerge in a complex and mixed manner, shaped by multiple motivations. Third, preferences for military service systems in contemporary Korea are better explained by multidimensional ideology than by a single ideological continuum, suggesting a potential mismatch between symbolic ideology and operational ideology.