With the increasing status of the Korean language in Vietnam, the demand for Korean language learning has continued to grow. In particular, the number of learners studying Korean for employment in Korean companies has been steadily increasing. For the...
With the increasing status of the Korean language in Vietnam, the demand for Korean language learning has continued to grow. In particular, the number of learners studying Korean for employment in Korean companies has been steadily increasing. For these learners, business Korean education is essential, with special emphasis on the awareness of politeness in linguistic expressions. In workplace communication, differences of opinion frequently occur, making it necessary to express disagreement in a polite manner. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze perceptions of politeness and patterns of disagreement speech acts among Vietnamese and Korean groups, and to derive pedagogical implications.
Chapter I reviews previous studies on politeness awareness, disagreement speech acts, research on Vietnamese learners’ pragmatic competence, and business Korean education. Despite the necessity of teaching expressions of disagreement in business contexts, research on disagreement speech acts—particularly involving Vietnamese learners—remains scarce.
Chapter II examines theories of politeness, disagreement speech acts, and business Korean education. Politeness is a key concept in communication and has been widely studied through various theoretical frameworks. In Korea, due to the influence of Confucian culture, politeness is regarded as highly important—not merely as honorific expressions but as a broader concept encompassing respect, consideration, and proper etiquette toward others. Although disagreement speech acts have been perceived as potentially face-threatening, expressing disagreement is sometimes inevitable. The key is not whether to express disagreement but how to express it. When expressed politely, disagreement can mitigate face threats and even contribute to problem-solving. In business contexts, where differences of opinion are unavoidable, it is essential to maintain politeness while expressing disagreement.
Chapter III describes the research methodology. A total of 100 participants—50 Vietnamese and 50 Korean adults in their 20s and 30s—were surveyed regarding their perception of politeness and their patterns of disagreement using a Discourse Completion Test (DCT). All participants had work experience in Korean companies, and the Vietnamese group consisted of advanced-level Korean learners. The collected data were analyzed statistically using a modified framework from Cho Yoon-haeng (2023) with SPSS software.
Chapter IV presents the results and discussion. First, both groups recognized politeness as important, most frequently defining it as “respect for others.” However, while many Korean participants associated politeness with manners and etiquette, Vietnamese participants tended to view politeness as a means of maintaining everyone’s face. Although both countries share a Confucian cultural background, subtle differences in the perception of politeness were observed. Vietnamese participants, in particular, showed limited awareness of nonverbal aspects of polite expression.
Second, variables such as social distance and hierarchy affected participants’ perceived level of politeness, sense of burden, and strategic choice when expressing disagreement. Vietnamese participants generally felt a higher degree of burden than Korean participants but still tended to express disagreement frequently and politely. This suggests that in business situations, Vietnamese speakers are willing to bear the psychological burden of disagreement for the sake of work, while striving to remain polite. Even with close colleagues, politeness levels remained high, although the sense of burden decreased. The highest levels of politeness and burden were observed when expressing disagreement to superiors.
Third, both groups preferred indirect strategies when expressing disagreement, most frequently employing the “reason explanation” strategy. Since business communication requires justification rather than simple negation, both groups emphasized the need to provide reasons. Vietnamese participants, in particular, showed a tendency to express disagreement indirectly by explaining reasons rather than directly stating their opposing opinions.
Based on these findings, this study highlights the need to strengthen education on both verbal and nonverbal aspects of politeness in business Korean education. Learners should be given opportunities to practice expressing their opinions appropriately in various contexts, not only in business settings. Furthermore, to enhance practical application, Korean business language textbooks should include detailed information on Korean business culture and politeness, along with pragmatic information and relevant expressions.
This study is significant in that it explores disagreement speech acts among Vietnamese learners—a topic that has received little attention—and compares them with Korean speakers. However, the study has limitations due to the small sample size and the use of DCT data, which may differ from actual speech. Additionally, because the situations presented were limited to workplace contexts, a wider range of expressions could not be observed. Future research should analyze more diverse situations and natural conversation data to provide more practical insights for teaching disagreement and pragmatic competence.