This study aims to elucidate the historical significance of Byeokgolje by focusing on its initial construction context and subsequent patterns of use. Based on an examination of the site’s location, paleoenvironmental conditions, and relevant textua...
This study aims to elucidate the historical significance of Byeokgolje by focusing on its initial construction context and subsequent patterns of use. Based on an examination of the site’s location, paleoenvironmental conditions, and relevant textual sources, Byeokgolje is interpreted as a levee designed to support both tidal regulation and water storage. Unlike most embankments, it was built in low-lying flat terrain, where the surrounding natural environment at the time of its construction consisted of salt-marsh(tidal-marsh) conditions. These factors suggest that Byeokgolje was initially constructed as a tidal embankment intended to reclaim land affected by tidal waterways. By comparison with tidal embankment built in salt marshes during the late Joseon period, it can be inferred that the area likely underwent soil desalination through controlled water circulation before a more stable embankment system was developed to secure an efficient water supply. The fact that Byeokgolje, originally a tidal embankment, is referred to as a “ji” (池, pond or reservoir) in the Samguk sagi may therefore reflect its interim and partial role as a storage embankment.
Based on excavated artifacts, radiocarbon dating, and the broader historical context, this study argues that the initial construction of the Byeokgolje embankment occurred during the Ungjin period. At that time, Baekje was experiencing intensified social instability due to political turmoil following the relocation of the capital to Ungjin, compounded by economic hardship caused by repeated natural disasters. Such conditions are documented in the flood-control and agriculture-related disaster records of the ‘Baekje bongi(〈百濟本紀〉)’ of the Samguk sagi(《三國史記》). Byeokgolje was constructed as a form of social infrastructure intended to address these crises through long-term structural intervention.
Considering the scale of Byeokgolje as indicated by textual sources and paleotopographic analysis, the total labor required for the initial embankment construction is estimated at least 410,000 man-days. When the construction period necessitated by local topographic conditions is taken into account, this project clearly qualifies as a large-scale undertaking that required nationwide mobilization of labor as well as the transportation of materials. After the relocation of the capital to Ungjin, state-led civil engineering projects and compulsory labor mobilization became increasingly frequent, a trend generally interpreted as an effort to strengthen state authority over local communities. In this context, the construction of Byeokgolje can be understood as part of a broader process of reorganizing and consolidating state mechanisms for labor extraction and mobilization.
During the Ungjin period, Baekje faced the dual challenge of institutional reorganization and rebuilding a weakened economic foundation. To secure extensive agricultural land, the state reclaimed low-lying areas by constructing the tidal embankment of Byeokgolje in the salt marshes of the Gimje region. This area was not adjacent to rival polities and had remained under stable Baekje influence since the Hansŏng period. Moreover, its location in a central intermediary zone minimized the distance that laborers from across the country needed to travel, thereby reducing the logistical burden of construction.
An examination of Byeokgolje’s location, construction objectives, and the techniques and processes identified in the initial embankment demonstrates that it was built using Baekje’s civil engineering technologies inherited from the Hansŏng period. Comparable methods for developing low-lying wetlands can be observed at sites such as Pungnap Toseong of the Hansŏng period, embankment in the Kawachi lowlands of contemporary Japan, and the seventh-century fortress of Mizuki. Accordingly, Byeokgolje represents the culmination of Baekje’s civil engineering expertise aimed at utilizing salt marshes within lowland environments, and its construction holds historical significance as a key piece of social infrastructure designed to mitigate the socioeconomic instability of the Ungjin period.