Background and Purpose
As of late 2024, the Republic of Korea has entered a super-aged society, and the Integrated Care Support Act is scheduled to take effect in 2026. With policy implementation imminent, this study aims to propose evidence-based d...
Background and Purpose
As of late 2024, the Republic of Korea has entered a super-aged society, and the Integrated Care Support Act is scheduled to take effect in 2026. With policy implementation imminent, this study aims to propose evidence-based directions for policy making by comparing and analyzing the perceptions and needs of consumers and experts to ensure the successful establishment of Domiciliary Oral Health Care services. As the older population grows, oral health management extends beyond dental issues to closely affect overall health. In particular, older adults with mobility limitations have extremely low access to dental services, exacerbating oral health problems and increasing the risk of systemic conditions such as malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia, while also deepening social isolation. The Domiciliary Oral Health Care system is a key policy to improve access to dental services for these medically vulnerable groups.
Methods
This web-based cross-sectional survey adopted a Mixed-Methods design integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses. Surveys were administered to a consumer panel (n = 593) and an expert panel (n = 216; 175 dentists and 41 dental hygienists). Quantitative analyses included descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, independent-samples t-tests, and calculation of effect sizes (Cohen’s d). Qualitative analysis used inductive content analysis of open-ended responses. Instrument validity was confirmed with a Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin value of 0.798 and Cronbach’s α of 0.728; five factors were extracted, explaining 73% of the total variance.
Results
1. Need for Domiciliary Oral Health Care: Both consumers and experts showed high agreement (consumers M = 3.86, experts M = 3.63, p = 0.010, d = 0.21). Both groups were positive about expanding Domiciliary Oral Health Care, with consumers expressing slightly stronger support (consumers M = 3.87, experts M = 3.67, p = 0.041, d = 0.18). This suggests a basic social consensus on the policy.
2. Differences in scope of care (largest effect sizes): The scope of Domiciliary Oral Health Care showed the greatest divergence. Regarding inclusion of restorative treatment, consumers strongly agreed (3.77 ± 0.86), whereas experts were negative (2.85 ± 1.27; p < 0.001, d = 0.84). For inclusion of simple prosthodontic treatment, consumers (M = 3.63) rated significantly higher than experts (M = 3.00; p < 0.001, d = 0.54). Experts cited limitations of portable equipment, challenges in infection control, and the inability to take radiographs, emphasizing a prevention-focused, limited scope.
3. Eligibility criteria: For broad eligibility (e.g., “provide to all older adults above a certain age”), consumers were neutral (M = 3.29), while experts clearly disagreed (M = 2.52; p < 0.001, d = 0.67). Conversely, both groups agreed with limiting Domiciliary Oral Health Care to certain subgroups such as patients with mobility difficulties, with experts showing higher agreement (experts M = 3.95, consumers M = 3.78; p = 0.029, d = 0.17). Experts emphasized the necessity of clear screening criteria.
4. Composition of care teams: Both groups expressed similarly high agreement on the need for dentist participation in Domiciliary Oral Health Care (consumers M = 3.97, experts M = 3.98; p = 0.877, d = 0.01). While both opposed care delivered solely by auxiliary personnel, expert opposition was stronger (consumers M = 2.93, experts M = 2.43; p < 0.001, d = 0.42).
5. Cost burden: Both groups agreed on the need for public support for provider visitation fees within Domiciliary Oral Health Care (p = 0.187). However, views diverged on patient cost-sharing: consumers considered an average 39.38% coinsurance acceptable, whereas experts suggested 32.50% (p < 0.001, d = 0.30).
6. Essential conditions for policy success (qualitative): Analysis of open-ended responses from 158 experts indicated that realistic fee schedules and economic incentives, clear eligibility criteria, a prevention-centered and feasible scope of care, ensuring provider safety and establishing legal liability frameworks, and building a systematic delivery infrastructure are essential for Domiciliary Oral Health Care success.
Conclusions
This study confirms a sufficient social consensus on the need for Domiciliary Oral Health Care policy. However, during concrete policy design, the universal expectations of consumers and the practical constraints emphasized by experts must be carefully calibrated. The proposed policy roadmap suggests a phased approach—short term (legal foundation and pilot systems), medium term (standardization and quality assurance), and long term (scale-up and institutionalization). Through this pathway, Domiciliary Oral Health Care can evolve into a sustainable policy that advances health equity and improves the quality of life for older adults in a super-aged society.