The demand for magnesium (Mg) metal has been increasing in automotive, electronics, and biomedical applications owing to its low density and high specific strength. However, commercial Mg production processes such as the Pidgeon process and the electr...
The demand for magnesium (Mg) metal has been increasing in automotive, electronics, and biomedical applications owing to its low density and high specific strength. However, commercial Mg production processes such as the Pidgeon process and the electrolytic process using anhydrous magnesium chloride (MgCl2) have several disadvantages. These include high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, high energy consumption, complicated feed preparation steps, and the release of toxic chlorine (Cl2) gas. Owing to these limitations, the development of an environmentally friendly and energy efficient Mg production process is crucial. Molten salt electrolysis of magnesium oxide (MgO) is considered a promising alternative because it does not generate Cl2 gas, does not require anhydrous MgCl2 preparation, and provides high current efficiency.
In this study, two primary research objectives were investigated to optimize the fluoride-based molten salt electrolysis process using MgO as a feedstock and to develop a novel electrolytic process for producing Mg – Al alloys. The solubility of magnesium oxide (MgO) in the magnesium fluoride (MgF2) – lithium fluoride (LiF) and MgF2 – LiF – MF2 {M = calcium (Ca), barium (Ba)} molten salts was quantitatively evaluated at 1053 – 1203 K to determine the optimal molten salt composition. Electrolysis was conducted to remove oxide impurities in the molten salts. The oxygen (O) concentration in the molten salts was measured using an inert gas fusion-infrared absorption method, enabling accurate evaluation of MgO solubility. The influences of dissolution time, salt composition, and temperature on MgO solubility were identified, providing useful information for the optimal design of molten salts for high productivity Mg production.
In addition, a novel molten salt electrolysis process was developed to directly produce magnesium – aluminum (Al) alloys from MgO using an aluminum (Al) cathode. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that Mg – Al alloy formed under the electrolysis conditions in the MgF2 – LiF – calcium fluoride (CaF2) molten salt. Electrolysis were conducted at 1053 – 1133 K, and the influences of electrolysis temperature, Mg concentration in the alloy, and cathodic current density on current efficiency were identified. The results indicated that a 9.31 mass% Mg – Al alloy was obtained at 1053 K with a current efficiency of 91.3 %. In addition, microstructural analysis of the alumina (Al2O3) tube showed that a magnesium aluminate (MgxAlOy) layer formed inside the tube during electrolysis.
This study not only provides fundamental insights into the solubility of MgO in molten fluoride salts but also demonstrates the feasibility of a high efficiency Mg – Al alloy production process using MgO. These results provide valuable insights for developing new electrolysis processes that overcome the disadvantages of conventional Mg metal production.