Recently, significant demand for secondary batteries has emerged in both commercial and military industrial sectors. One of the most commonly used secondary batteries is the lithium-ion battery, and extensive research is being conducted to enhance its...
Recently, significant demand for secondary batteries has emerged in both commercial and military industrial sectors. One of the most commonly used secondary batteries is the lithium-ion battery, and extensive research is being conducted to enhance its capabilities. One of the key materials most closely related to the performance of lithium-ion batteries is the cathode material. Layered cathodes, a representative type of cathode material, are extensively investigated because they enable efficient Li+ intercalation and deintercalation. Since the first commercialization of layered cathode material, LCO(LiCoO2), recent research has focused on Ni-rich NCM (Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2) materials, which offer high capacity and stability. However, Ni-rich NCM cathodes exhibit some degradation characteristics, including the formation of Surface Reconstruction Layer(SRL), Cathode Electrolyte Interphase(CEI) growth and increased interfacial resistance due to parasitic surface side reactions, and intergranular crack formation that accelerates surface side reactions. To mitigate these issues, various strategies such as surface coating, core-shell structure, and single-crystallization have been proposed and actively explored.
In this study, to address these limitations simultaneously, we propose a particle coating strategy based on an olivine-structured cathode material that suppresses surface side reactions while retaining the advantages of single-crystal Ni-rich NCM. Specifically, single-crystalline NCM811(Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2) and C@LMFP(carbon -coated LMFP55(Li[Mn0.5Fe0.5]PO4)) were ball-milled to create BC-NCM, in which LMFP particles are strongly adhered to the NCM surface. To systematically verify coating effect, several control groups were prepared and tested: P-NCM(Pristine NCM), HC-NCM(a simple hand-mixed mixture of NCM and C@LMFP), B-NCM(ball-milled LMFP without carbon coating).
First, XRD and XPS were performed to confirm the crystallographic integrity and the absence of chemical variations of the synthesized materials. The results confirmed that both the crystal phases and chemical states of NCM and LMFP were preserved after ball milling, with no detectable impurity phase formation or changes in oxidation states, indicating that the particle coating was established through physical adhesion rather than chemical reactions. Consistently, SEM and TEM observations showed that LMFP was uniformly distributed and firmly attached on the NCM surface in the ball-milled samples, whereas HC-NCM exhibited LMFP aggregation and loose contact, reaffirming the physical effect of ball milling. Notably, in BC-NCM, the carbon coating layer of LMFP was located between NCM and LMFP and appeared to be shared at the interface.
The electrochemical performance evaluation revealed that BC-NCM delivered an enhanced initial discharge capacity in the first cycle at 0.1C compared with P-NCM and HC-NCM, whereas B-NCM showed a lower capacity than P-NCM. This result suggests that the interfacial carbon layer shared with NCM in BC-NCM improved the electronic conductivity of NCM, thereby contributing to additional discharge capacity. To further confirm this effect, Super P carbon was employed as an alternative particulate coating material instead of C@LMFP, and a similar capacity enhancement relative to P-NCM was observed, supporting the beneficial effectiveness of a surface carbon layer. During prolonged cycling at 1C for 200 cycles, BC-NCM and B-NCM exhibited improved capacity retention compared with P-NCM and HC-NCM. The EIS performed on cycled electrodes demonstrated that BC-NCM and B-NCM had lower charge-transfer resistance than P-NCM and HC-NCM. This is interpreted as a consequence of suppressed surface side reactions and inhibited SRL formation by the LMFP particle coating. Furthermore, XPS and TOF-SIMS were employed to quantitatively analyze the amount of the CEI layer, a product of surface side reactions. Both analyses consistently indicated reduced CEI components in the particle-coated samples. These results support that the LMFP particle coating layer formed via ball milling mitigated direct contact between NCM and the electrolyte, suppressed surface side reactions, and reduced CEI layer growth. Finally, TEM analysis confirmed that the LMFP-covered surface of BC-NCM well maintained a layered structure without SRL formation, which was identified as a key factor of the enhanced capacity retention.