This thesis examines how ballroom culture, originally established by black transgender women (male-to-female) in the United States, has been reinterpreted by professional dancers in South Korea as a medium of self-expression. Drawing on ethnographic f...
This thesis examines how ballroom culture, originally established by black transgender women (male-to-female) in the United States, has been reinterpreted by professional dancers in South Korea as a medium of self-expression. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted with House of Dada (pseudonym), one of Korea’s earliest ballroom houses, this study explores how the social practices of black queer individuals are reenacted through the psychocultural lens of Korean dancers. I argue that conceptions of selfhood and self-expression differ across cultural contexts, and that such differences enable Korean dancers to engage with the social experiences of black queer individuals by reconfiguring a sense of self that bridges Korean psychocultural frameworks and black queer practices.
Ballroom emerged in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s as an artistic and empowering space for black queer individuals. Centered on competitions in dance, fashion, and beauty, it provided them with a platform for social recognition and prestige, especially as members of “houses.” Houses not only served as units of competition but also functioned as alternative kinship structures, offering mutual care and a sense of belonging. Rooted in black queer subcultures, ballroom developed both as a communal way of life and a mode of self-expression through which black queer communities resisted structural racism and homophobia.
In South Korea, ballroom was introduced less as an alternative or resistant practice among sexual minorities than as part of professional arts education. Arts schools and dance academies incorporated “voguing,” the dance genre of ballroom, into their curricula. In this process, early Korean ballroom became a stage for promoting individuality beyond gender identity and sexual orientation. Within the exam-oriented and highly competitive training system of the Korean dance scene, ballroom was regarded as a means of gaining competitiveness as a dancer and of “freely expressing oneself.” As a result, the political and historical significance of ballroom has been recontextualized as a pursuit of one’s “authentic self.”
I approach this transition from two analytical perspectives, and then examine how Korean dancers’ self-conceptions shift in this process. First, at the collective level, I analyze how the house system is reframed in the Korean context. While houses in American ballroom function both as a means of individual achievement and as a source of mutual support, members of House of Dada place greater value on the latter, especially on emotional connection. This emphasis reflects preexisting ties- such as teacher-student and senior-junior relationships- through which they consider one another in parent-child terms by invoking family metaphors. In this way, Korean familial culture is expressed and, when merged with ballroom’s house system, further reinforces emotional bonds as a “family.” Whereas houses were organized primarily to safeguard freedom of self-expression for black queer individuals in American ballroom, in Korea they become entangled with the everyday relational patterns of dancers. Consequently, self-expression in Korean ballroom is less grounded in independent autonomy than enacted as a relational practice, continuously negotiated through interpersonal dynamics.
Second, at the individual level, I analyze how Korean dancers perceive and interpret the modes of self-expression practiced by black queer individuals. In American ballroom, terms such as “selling” and “serving” embody a performance ethos aligned with neoliberal logics that require individuals to demonstrate personal competence and seek competition. Black queer performers have critically reappropriated this framework, positioning the very act of self-display before judges and audiences as a prerequisite for social recognition. Interestingly, at this level as well, members of House of Dada articulate a psychocultural perspective in which the self is relationally and contextually adjusted. They thus interpret selling and serving not as enduring identity markers but as conscious, performative stances within ballroom.
Through this intercultural encounter, Korean ballroom practices are situated within the Korean psychocultural framework, yet expand beyond mere representation to serve as a reflective space where dancers reconfigure the self. Korean dancers come to recognize selfhood as situationally and relationally negotiated by experiencing shifts in how they present themselves inside and outside ballroom. From this perspective, selfhood is understood as having multiple dimensions of identity, which enables Korean dancers to interpret self-repression not as inner dissonance but as a generative force for continuous self-construction. It also fosters an awareness of the self’s vulnerability to social expectations and judgments, evoking ‘simjung’- a psychocultural disposition toward emotional attunement to others. Within this context, the performative self-affirmation of black transwomen in ballroom resonates with members of House of Dada as a form of ‘mediated simjung’, generating emotional solidarity across sociocultural differences and enabling an active capacity for self-change. This is enacted through training practices that cultivate an autonomous mode of self-expression by attuning dancers to their own bodily sensations, while simultaneously extending these practices into collective forms of play. Such play evolves into a form of egalitarian relationality in which multiple facets of the self can be expressed and embraced. As a result, Korean ballroom functions as a site where “authentic selfhood” is actively experimented with, yet relationally constructed.
This thesis argues that the localization of ballroom in South Korea does not simply reflect queer identities but actively ‘queers’ the self in ways that align with Korean psychocultural sensibilities. Here, individual autonomy does not presuppose independence but is made possible through relational practices that interactively affirm multifaceted aspects of the self. In this sense, Korean ballroom is not a stage that reveals the inner self, but a site where queer modes of self-expression are collectively learned and cultivated. While this diverges from the sociocultural context that black queer communities conceptualize and practice self-expression, both converge in positioning ballroom as a psychologically safe space for performing and experimenting with selfhood.
In conclusion, this thesis illustrates the cultural translation of ballroom from the United States to South Korea by foregrounding psychocultural differences. It highlights how the social practices of black queer communities are reinterpreted in Korea, simultaneously fostering and reshaping relational and context-dependent conceptions of selfhood. At the same time, it critiques the risk of erasing or distorting the social specificity of black queer experience. Nonetheless, this study highlights the potential for ballroom to resonate anew within the Korean psychocultural context, offering alternative ways of engaging with black queer subjectivities.