As the severity of climate change has emerged as a pressing global concern, responding to climate change has become a major agenda item in school education. Climate change constitutes a critical life issue for future generations and demands medium- to...
As the severity of climate change has emerged as a pressing global concern, responding to climate change has become a major agenda item in school education. Climate change constitutes a critical life issue for future generations and demands medium- to long-term strategies and responses across society as a whole; accordingly, its educational significance is substantial. From the perspectives of both educational aims and effectiveness, it is therefore necessary to examine how climate change is represented within school subjects and through what pedagogical approaches it is taught. Although climate change is a complex phenomenon driven by anthropogenic causes and encompassing diverse social, economic, and international dimensions, it is fundamentally grounded in scientific phenomena. This makes it particularly important to examine climate change education through the lens of climate science literacy. In this study, climate science literacy is defined as an integrated and dynamic competence that, based on scientific understanding of the climate system, enables learners to comprehend the complexity of the climate crisis, connect it to their own lives and educational contexts, and exercise informed judgment and practical agency. The purpose of this study is to conduct an in-depth exploration of how climate change education is implemented within the context of a single middle school and, on this basis, to propose educational implications for climate change education.
This study explored the case of Middle School A, located in Gyeonggi Province, employing a generic qualitative inquiry approach grounded in the framework of social constructivism. While climate change education may be enacted through multiple channels, including clubs and creative experiential activities, the present study focuses on subject-based instruction, considering it as the primary means through which climate change education is universally implemented in schooling.
Study 1 examines the subject-based content of climate change education. National- and school-level curriculum documents, as well as Middle School A’s textbooks and subject teaching materials, were collected and subjected to content analysis. In addition, interviews with six teachers from four subject areas were conducted to examine how climate change education was actually enacted in classrooms. The analytical framework was drawn from the essential principles of climate science proposed by the U.S. Global Change Research Program (US GCRP, 2009). Study 2 explored six subject teachers’ perceptions and emotions regarding climate change, the goals and enacted patterns of climate change education, and their understanding of climate science. To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview protocols, and the collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
The findings of Study 1 indicate that climate change education content at Middle School A can be categorized into three domains: “global warming,” “ecosystem conservation,” and “sustainable development.” With the exception of scientific modeling, the core principles of climate science delineated by US GCRP(2009) were broadly represented across subject content. However, substantial discrepancies were identified among subjects in terms of scientific depth and the ways in which responses to climate change were presented, and instances of mixed, fragmented, or missing content were observed. In the domain of global warming, the subjects of Science and Social Studies—both of which explicitly addressed global warming—differed in their treatment of its causes and responses. Science focused on the mechanism of the greenhouse effect and anthropogenic drivers of climate change, primarily presenting responses at the level of individual behavior, whereas Social Studies presented anthropogenic factors alongside natural causes and foregrounded international cooperation as the principal response strategy. In the domain of ecosystem conservation, Moral Education referred to climate change in a manner conflated with general environmental pollution, without providing scientific explanation. In the domain of sustainable development, Technology & Home Economics addressed issues such as resource and energy depletion and environmental pollution, while references to climate change appeared only indirectly rather than through explicit treatment. These discrepancies fail to adequately convey the urgency of the climate crisis and the necessity of climate action, and they risk providing students with fragmented and non-integrated information, thereby undermining educational effectiveness.
The findings of Study 2 show that, although they teach climate change, teachers at A Middle School exhibit internal affective responses of desensitization and naive optimism toward persistent crisis-oriented messaging. Teachers reported psychological burden associated with climate change education, perceiving it as demanding an ‘impossible mission; from students or as foreshadowing an ‘unhappy future’ which in turn provoked anxiety and fear. As a result, they tended to limit the purpose of climate change education to mere cognitive acceptance, deferring expectations for students’ practical behavioral change to the future. Nevertheless, teachers displayed a complex pattern of striving to serve as role models for climate action by visibly engaging in practices such as waste separation in front of students. Their enactment of climate change education thus reflects a configuration in which multiple psychological mechanisms and educational dilemmas intersect, revealing teachers as boundary practitioners who move back and forth among different orientations. Consequently, teachers tended to present their own climate-related behaviors as moral exemplars, yet did not fully translate these behaviors into concrete teaching–learning content or into active pedagogical interventions that would require appropriate levels of awareness and practice from students. In addition, teachers tended to construe climate science as a body of objective and settled facts, indicating an insufficient incorporation of the Nature of Science—such as tentativeness and uncertainty—into climate change education. They further perceived environmental activist discourse, in contrast to scientific discourse, as ‘agitational, and were therefore relatively reluctant to engage in climate action or to actively seek out climate-related information.
Based on these findings, this study offers four recommendations. First, climate change education should incorporate ‘scientific modeling’ in order to strengthen both climate science literacy and teachers’ instructional motivation. Second, at the level of an individual school, a subject linkage matrix that systematically structures climate change education content across subjects should be developed to facilitate practical subject integration and collaboration. Third, given the inherent limitations on all teachers attaining a high level of climate science literacy, core teachers should act as facilitators by operating networks for providing and sharing reliable scientific information, thereby promoting collective professional learning. Fourth, climate change education should move beyond crisis-centered discourse and present hope-oriented narratives of climate response, enhancing emotional efficacy for both teachers and students and supporting the translation of learning into action.
This study is significant in that it situates discourse on climate change education within the lived context of teachers and schools and, by moving beyond purely formal or declarative discussions, proposes substantive and practicable approaches to the implementation of climate change education.