Patent holders must faithfully disclose their technology in exchange for exclusive rights. The essence of the patent system lies in granting monopoly and exclusive rights proportionate to the technological contribution made by the disclosed invention ...
Patent holders must faithfully disclose their technology in exchange for exclusive rights. The essence of the patent system lies in granting monopoly and exclusive rights proportionate to the technological contribution made by the disclosed invention to societal advancement, thus the scope of patent protection must be balanced with the extent of the technological contribution provided to society. Since technological disclosure is achieved through the specification, the specification disclosure requirement is a critical patent criterion.
Meanwhile, advances in medical and life science technologies have led to the development of numerous high-value new pharmaceuticals, among which antibody inventions have gained prominence as targeted therapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases, driven by progress in biotech and pharmaceutical technologies. Antibodies have complex structures with numerous variants performing the same function, making genus claims encompassing entire ranges of identical functions or structures widely utilized. However, genus claims often feature broad protection scopes contrasted with limited technological disclosures in the specification, leading to ongoing tensions with specification disclosure requirements centered on enablement and support.
In this context, the debate surrounding antibody exceptionalism—which grants patents with lower specification disclosure standards for antibody inventions—is not a special issue limited to antibodies but a structural patent law problem common to inventions that must be defined functionally. Antibody exceptionalism has been a policy choice to address the limitations of traditional structure-centric patent protection, considering the technological uniqueness of antibodies where structural variants performing the same function are virtually infinite. It aims to complement these limitations by promoting early technology disclosure and enhancing rewards for pioneering research. Since patents function as a mechanism to incentivize subsequent research by granting pioneering inventors a certain exclusive position in new technological domains, allowing limited exceptions for antibody inventions does not necessarily constitute excessive monopoly beyond technological contribution.
Conversely, CAFC rulings from the late 2010s excluding antibody exceptionalism and the U.S. Supreme Court's 2023 Amgen v. Sanofi decision highlight that it conflicts with fundamental patent principles. The federal courts have consistently pointed out that functionally defined genus claims for antibodies may result in preempting all antibody variants binding to an antigen based on the antigen's discovery, beyond protecting the specific antibody invention itself. This could lead to excessive monopoly exceeding the inventor's actual technological contribution, undermining the patent system's core principle of proportionality between disclosure and reward. In particular, broad preemption of genus scopes through functional claims exposes subsequent researchers to infringement risks even for independently developed antibodies, potentially turning patents into barriers hindering rather than promoting innovation. Amid these concerns, U.S. federal courts have opted to strictly control protection scopes through specification disclosure requirements to clearly delineate the boundaries between invention and discovery.
This study, based on this awareness, comparatively analyzes laws and precedents on specification disclosure requirements in the United States, European Union (primarily EPO), United Kingdom, and Japan. The U.S. distinguishes enablement from written description requirements, judging enablement based on whether a person of ordinary skill can reproduce the invention without undue experimentation, and written description on whether the inventor possessed the invention at filing. Notably, the U.S. Supreme Court in the 2023 Amgen v. Sanofi case applied the "full scope enablement" principle, interpreting specification disclosure strictly. While meaningful for ensuring faithful and substantial disclosure, this standard is practically impossible to meet for genus claims in antibody fields with inherently diverse structures, posing risks of hindering technology protection and innovation.
In contrast, the EPO and UK employ more flexible and reasonable standards to determine sufficient disclosure. The EPO does not require full scope enablement for broad genus claims if representative examples and rational evidence of technical effects are provided, viewing disclosure as sufficient if the invention's essential features are reproducible even if some variants are not immediately enabled. The UK, through the Biogen insufficiency doctrine, deems an invention sufficiently disclosed if its core technological contribution is substantially described across the claim scope, even if parts are inadequately enabled. The EU Unified Patent Court (UPC) in its 2025 Amgen appeal ruling reasonably interpreted functionally limited genus claims by integrating specification disclosure and common general knowledge, holding that disclosure is sufficient if a skilled person can devise appropriate embodiments within the claim scope from the description, even without immediate implementation of some examples. Overall, EPO, UK, and UPC criteria prioritize case-specific plausibility over U.S. Supreme Court rigidity, applying somewhat lower thresholds.
Japan distinguishes enablement from support requirements, with support focusing on substantive correspondence between claims and detailed description. If a skilled person recognizes problem-solving feasibility from the specification and common knowledge, support is satisfied, offering advantages for unpredictable fields like genus, parameter, or functional claims.
Korea distinguishes enablement from support requirements but lacks clear support criteria. For genus claims with limited examples, whether the entire broad scope satisfies enablement and support remains contentious. The Supreme Court emphasizes "whether matters corresponding to the claims are described in the specification," but in complex biotech fields, mere textual correspondence is insufficient. Repositioning support around substantive correspondence, technical meaning, and problem-solving recognizability is desirable, alongside expanding correction systems referencing U.S. non-enabling example doctrines to invalidate only problematic claims rather than the whole.
Inventors faithfully disclosing technology benefit society, receiving justified monopoly in return—this is the patent system's fundamental function. Patent disputes in biotech and functional inventions like antibodies will likely increase with technological advancement, demanding ever more refined specification criteria. Yet the basic patent principle of balancing disclosure and monopoly remains unchanged. This study hopes its comparative analysis and normative framework for functionally defined inventions contribute, however modestly, to Korean patent examination and litigation practices for antibody inventions and genus claims.