The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), announced in 2003, mandates that ratifying parties integrate smoking cessation counseling services into their national health and education systems. Accordingly, Korea established a nationwide sm...
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), announced in 2003, mandates that ratifying parties integrate smoking cessation counseling services into their national health and education systems. Accordingly, Korea established a nationwide smoking cessation counseling system, beginning with pilot projects at public health centers, followed by the nationwide expansion of smoking cessation clinics, the introduction of a quitline in 2006, and the establishment of the National Quitline Support Center in 2015. Smoking cessation counseling services achieved a 34.4% quit rate as of 2017 and received positive evaluations, but they now face the new challenge of the rapid spread of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs).
ENDs users are predominantly young, exhibit low awareness of ENDs harm, and are sensitive to the negative image associated with odor. Therefore, smoking cessation counseling for ENDs users is expected to require different counseling processes and strategies compared to traditional cigarette users. However, research specifically focusing on ENDs user cessation counseling has been absent. Thus, this study examines the counseling processes and experiences of smoking cessation counselors—the primary implementers of cessation programs—from their perspective. Through this approach, the study evaluates the entire process of publicly delivered cessation counseling and provides an in-depth exploration of the strategies employed by counselors when working with ENDs users.
This study was designed as a qualitative process evaluation to richly capture smoking cessation counselors’ perspectives on counseling processes and ENDs user counseling experiences. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews, supplemented by secondary analysis of existing qualitative datasets relevant to the research objectives. Eleven counselors were purposively recruited, considering demographic characteristics and institutional affiliations. Collected data were analyzed following the comprehensive qualitative analysis procedures outlined by Lee Dong-soo and Kim Young-cheon.
The findings revealed that ENDs user counseling shares commonalities with traditional cigarette user counseling while exhibiting distinct processes and strategies. Counselors universally emphasized the client’s quit motivation and their own persistent attitude as most critical throughout the counseling process. Recognizing that quit success largely depends on client motivation, counselors sought to strengthen motivation through praise and support. They also contextualized quitting within the broader scope of the client’s life, tailoring strategies to individual characteristics.
However, ENDs user counseling required deviations from standard protocols to address user-specific characteristics. First, counselors employed scientific evidence, legal grounds, and device demonstrations to heighten harm awareness and strengthen quit motivation. Second, they developed tailored strategies based on understanding ENDs users’ culture and habits, such as highlighting flavored liquid drawbacks, encouraging device disposal, and fostering alternative habits.
Additionally, counselors exhibited diverse professional motivations, with training quality and frequency varying significantly across institutions. While they derived fulfillment and meaning from their work, poor working conditions generated anxiety and pressure.
Based on these findings, this study proposes three policy and practical recommendations. First, national anti-smoking campaigns must clearly position ENDs as “equivalent tobacco products” with evidence-based harm messaging, while implementing stringent legal regulations targeting tobacco companies’ social media marketing aimed at youth and young adults. Second, customized counselor training addressing rapidly evolving ENDs trends, user culture, and terminology is essential to enhance counseling competency. Finally, ensuring counselor employment stability and improving working conditions is required for the long-term sustainability of the cessation counseling system.