Since the 1990s, North Korean women who have fled the country and arrived in Northeast China have established their livelihoods through various routes. In the course of doing so, they have often entered de facto marital relationships with Chinese men ...
Since the 1990s, North Korean women who have fled the country and arrived in Northeast China have established their livelihoods through various routes. In the course of doing so, they have often entered de facto marital relationships with Chinese men and borne children, whether for economic reasons, personal motives, or as a result of human trafficking. Because it is difficult for these women to obtain legal status in China and because they seek greater economic benefits, after a certain period of time they migrate to South Korea, either together with their children or first on their own, and there acquire lawful residence and South Korean nationality. Under the relevant legal provisions, children of North Korean refugees who are born in a third country are entitled, upon entry into South Korea, to acquire South Korean nationality as a matter of law. However, having grown up in China and internalized the Chinese language and culture, they experience South Korea as a highly unfamiliar society and face continuing difficulties in adaptation. The complex and subtle tensions between their cultural roots as “Chinese” and their legal status as “(South) Korean” give rise to the need for empirical research into the kinds of cultural, linguistic, and psychological difficulties, as well as social identity confusion, that they experience. This study focuses on a group of children born to North Korean refugee mothers and Chinese fathers, who grew up in China and now live in South Korea.
Against this backdrop, the present study addresses two main research questions. First, what specific forms of difficulty do children of North Korean refugees who were born in China encounter in the course of adapting to South Korean society? Second, when they perceive limits to their adaptation despite their efforts to settle in South Korea, how do they respond, and in what ways do such responses crystallize into distinctive modes of coping?
For children of North Korean refugees who were born in China, South Korea is the present site where their legal nationality and institutional membership are located, yet their developmental background is deeply rooted in the language, schooling, and everyday culture of China. They are more proficient in Chinese, prefer Chinese food, and maintain Chinese modes of thinking and embodied habits. These dispositions persist after their arrival in South Korea and, at the same time, function as sources of difficulty in adapting to the new environment.
The “Chineseness” sedimented in their bodies and everyday practices generates tension and adaptation problems in their encounters with South Korean society. At the same time, their maternal background connects them to North Korea. As a result, the different coordinates of China, South Korea, and North Korea are layered within a single life, and the disjuncture between legal nationality and cultural roots manifests itself as concrete choices and tensions in everyday life. School life, peer relationships, and family relations all become arenas in which this gap is made visible.
However, these young people are not merely passive victims: they are agents endowed with subjectivity and agency. After migrating to South Korea, Chinese-born children of North Korean refugees actively attempt to negotiate and mitigate the disjuncture between their nationality and their cultural background. More specifically, in their everyday lives these adolescents define themselves according to their own practical principles, selectively revealing or concealing particular aspects of themselves in concrete situations and thereby continually recalibrating the boundaries among “Chineseness,” “South Koreanness,” and “North Koreanness.”
At the point where legal nationality and cultural roots do not align, these adolescents organize their lives and negotiate new forms of belonging. By examining their experiences, this study seeks to offer a preliminary perspective on what kinds of institutional preparation and social consideration are required in contemporary South Korean society, where multiculturalism is becoming normalized, and, further, what everyday-level tasks must precede any future project of societal integration on the Korean peninsula.