Judicial trust is an essential form of social capital that secures the legitimacy of a democratic system and upholds the rule of law. However, the decline in trust in public institutions, including the judiciary, has recently emerged as a structural c...
Judicial trust is an essential form of social capital that secures the legitimacy of a democratic system and upholds the rule of law. However, the decline in trust in public institutions, including the judiciary, has recently emerged as a structural crisis worldwide. To address this issue, existing studies have predominantly focused on single-country cases or relied on normative approaches that emphasize only legal and institutional independence. Therefore, this study premises that judicial trust is the result of the interaction between individual micro-level perceptions and national macro-level institutions. It aims to identifying the determinants of judicial trust through a multilevel analysis using international data.
To this end, the study combined data from the World Values Survey (WVS) Wave 7 (2017–2022) with country-level data from V-Dem, WJP, and TI. A 'Multilevel Ordered Logistic Regression Model' was applied to a sample of approximately 77,000 individuals across 54 countries. The analysis followed a stepwise procedure, expanding from a null model to an individual-level model, a contextual model, an institutional control model, and a state performance competition model. The main results are as follows:
First, at the individual level, judicial trust was more strongly determined by subjective perceptions and mediating factors than by objective socioeconomic status (income, gender). In particular, trust in the media was identified as the strongest predictor of judicial trust, demonstrating that judicial perception is a ‘mediated reality’ constructed through media. Furthermore, while objective indicators such as education and income did not have a significant effect, the finding that older age correlates with a more critical attitude suggests that the elderly have low satisfaction with or feel alienated from the current judicial reality.
Second, the multilevel analysis revealed that even after strictly controlling for individual socioeconomic backgrounds and subjective perceptions (system satisfaction, media trust, etc.), the national institutional environment had a statistically significant effect on judicial trust. This implies that judicial trust is structurally determined by the qualitative level of the state system, beyond individual dispositions. Specifically, at the state level, the substance (de facto) of institutions rather than their form (de jure) was identified as the key mechanism of trust. While the constitutional judicial independence index and democracy index did not have a significant effect, presidential systems showed lower trust than parliamentary systems in terms of the substantial differences in state operation. This indicates that citizens react sensitively to the form of the power structure and its actual mode of operation.
Third, it was found that the ‘quality’ of the state, rather than its ‘wealth,’ determines trust. Economic affluence (GDP per capita) had no significant relationship with judicial trust, whereas public sector integrity (Corruption Perceptions Index) and fairness in law enforcement (Rule of Law Index) acted as decisive factors enhancing trust. In particular, the inclusion of the Rule of Law Index overwhelmed the explanatory power of existing political institution variables, demonstrating that the substantial realization of the rule of law is the fundamental source of judicial trust.
This study is significant in that it identifies judicial trust not merely as satisfaction with judicial services, but as a complex product combining individual subjective perceptions and the state's substantial operational performance. These results suggest that for the recovery of judicial trust, the priority should be to enhance the citizens' perceived efficacy of the judicial system through corruption eradication and fair law enforcement—rather than through macro-institutional reform or economic growth—and to accumulate public trust capital through transparent communication.