This study employed qualitative research methods to explore how changes in shift-work systems influence nurses’ engagement in leisure-time physical activity and the meanings they ascribe to such activities, focusing on nurses who participated in the...
This study employed qualitative research methods to explore how changes in shift-work systems influence nurses’ engagement in leisure-time physical activity and the meanings they ascribe to such activities, focusing on nurses who participated in the Shift Work Improvement Pilot Program for Nurses. Physical activity is widely recognized as a health behavior that contributes not only to physical and mental health but also to quality of life and occupational sustainability. However, nurses working non-standard hours, such as shift work, have been reported to demonstrate relatively low levels of leisure-time physical activity. Previous studies have tended to treat nurses’ leisure-time physical activity as one subcomponent of health-promoting behaviors and have approached it in a fragmented manner—primarily focusing on whether activity is performed and its frequency—resulting in a limited contextual understanding of leisure-time physical activity among shift-working nurses. This study aimed to develop a multidimensional understanding of the factors surrounding nurses’ leisure-time physical activity by examining how such activity changes within the context of institutional reforms that enhance the predictability and regularity of shift work.
This qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with 20 nurses working at two tertiary general hospitals in the metropolitan area who participated in the shift-work improvement pilot program. Data collection was conducted in two phases: from April 11 to May 2, 2025, and from September 20 to October 19, 2025. Semi-structured interview guides were used to explore participants’ experiences with the pilot program, changes in daily life following work-schedule modifications, and shifts in both the practice patterns and perceptions of leisure-time physical activity. Interviews lasted between 40 and 60 minutes, depending on the participant. The collected data were interpreted through an iterative and cyclical analytic process following Creswell’s six-step qualitative data analysis procedure. Through analysis, a total of 123 codes, 42 subcategories, and 16 categories were derived, allowing for the identification of changes in work experiences, physical activity engagement, and the meanings attributed to leisure-time physical activity before and after the pilot program, as well as factors influencing such activity.
The findings indicated that prior to the pilot program, participants’ leisure-time physical activity was performed in a highly constrained manner within irregular and unpredictable shift-work environments. Frequent schedule changes and short-notice notifications made it difficult for nurses to plan and organize their time, and leisure time functioned less as a space for active engagement and more as a minimal period of recovery from accumulated fatigue. During this period, leisure-time physical activity was predominantly perceived not as a source of enjoyment or personal choice, but as an activity that one “had to do” to alleviate work-related pain and burnout. This suggests that physical activity was carried out in response to external demands and necessities rather than being meaningfully connected to individuals’ values or personal significance.
Following the implementation of the shift-work improvement pilot program, participants experienced an expansion in available work-pattern options and improved predictability of their schedules, which enabled them to organize their daily lives and time more proactively. These changes marked a critical turning point in how nurses perceived and utilized their leisure time. With repetitive work schedules at fixed time slots and advance notice of shifts, participants began planning leisure-time physical activity in advance and reported experiences of selecting and sustaining physical activities aligned with their personal preferences.
The results of this study hold important implications from the perspective of time sovereignty. Prior to the pilot program, nurses had limited capacity to plan and control their time due to unstable schedules and frequent changes, which functioned as a structural constraint on leisure-time physical activity. In contrast, as schedule predictability increased following the pilot program, participants partially regained the capacity to anticipate and allocate their time in advance. This expansion of time sovereignty enabled them to autonomously arrange and engage in leisure-time physical activity. These findings demonstrate that leisure-time physical activity is not merely a matter of individual will or motivation, but rather a practice that becomes possible and realizable within specific configurations of labor-time organization and degrees of temporal control.
From the perspective of self-determination theory, these changes can be interpreted as a shift in the quality of motivation surrounding leisure-time physical activity. Whereas physical activity prior to the pilot program was primarily undertaken to relieve pain and build physical capacity for work, the post-program period was characterized by greater autonomy in activity selection, experiences of achievement and satisfaction during activity participation, and strengthened social connections through shared activities with colleagues or family members. This reflects a process through which leisure-time physical activity was repositioned as a meaningful activity within individuals’ lives and transformed into a more sustainable practice.
In summary, this study demonstrates that nurses’ leisure-time physical activity is a complex phenomenon shaped through the interaction of personal motivation, physical condition, social relationships, organizational environments, and the structural organization of labor time. In particular, changes in shift-work systems altered nurses’ perceptions and uses of time, serving as a key condition for the reconfiguration of both the meaning and practice of leisure-time physical activity. These findings suggest that interventions and programs aimed at promoting leisure-time physical activity among shift-working nurses should move beyond individual-level approaches and instead incorporate considerations of work-schedule systems, organizational conditions, and the securing of time sovereignty.