This study examines the extent to which mini-public outputs in South Korea have been translated into policy decisions, identifies the overall patterns, and investigates the mechanisms through which linkages and disconnections between the two occur und...
This study examines the extent to which mini-public outputs in South Korea have been translated into policy decisions, identifies the overall patterns, and investigates the mechanisms through which linkages and disconnections between the two occur under varying conditions. Additionally, this study analyzes citizens’ perceptions and expectations regarding the relationship between mini-public outputs and policy decisions, as well as their effects.
To achieve these research objectives, this study employs a mixed-methods approach combining multiple-case analysis and single-case analysis within a case study framework. The research subjects include 38 mini-public cases conducted in South Korea from 2018 to 2023, along with the deliberative poll on electoral system reform for the 22nd National Assembly elections—a typical case where mini-public outputs failed to translate into policy decisions.
First, fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) was conducted on the 38 cases to identify the conditions and pathways through which mini-public outputs either lead to or fail to lead to policy decisions. Second, focusing on the electoral system reform deliberation case, public opinion surveys, deliberative polling data, and National Assembly meeting records were analyzed to examine how citizens’ opinions were discussed in the policy decision-making process. Third, Latent Markov Models (LMM) and Structural Topic Modeling (STM) were applied to deliberative polling data and deliberation transcripts to investigate citizens’ perceptions of the relationship between mini-publics and policy decisions, changes before and after deliberation, and the causes of such changes.
The findings can be summarized as follows. First, the relationship between mini-public outcomes and policy decisions was found to be heavily influenced by political context. In most cases where mini-public outputs were actually reflected in policy, the deliberative outputs aligned with politicians’ pre-existing positions on the agenda. Conversely, when mini-public outputs conflicted with politicians' interests or positions while simultaneously demanding transformative policies that challenged the existing order, the likelihood of translation into policy decisions was very low.
Second, the analysis of the electoral system reform deliberation case shows that the political field selectively appropriated mini-public outputs not as a mechanism for conflict resolution but as a resource to legitimize their own camp’s positions. While ordinary citizens and citizen participants exhibited complex patterns where diverse preference types coexisted, the political field simplified these and selectively cited only opinions that aligned with their positions. The progressive camp championed citizen participants’ opinions as “deliberated public will”, while the conservative camp appropriated public opinion survey results as “the will of the majority”. The conservative camp particularly questioned the procedural legitimacy and reliability of the deliberation outputs. As a result, discussions failed to converge and ultimately led to maintaining the status quo.
Third, analysis of citizen participants’ perceptions and expectations in the electoral system reform deliberation revealed that citizens became skeptical of the deliberation’s effectiveness upon observing that National Assembly members—who are both the primary decision-makers and the subjects of electoral system rules—did not substantively participate in the deliberative process. Citizens hoped for mini-public outputs to be directly linked to policy decisions while also expecting communication with politicians during deliberation. However, the absence of such communication and uncertainty about output implementation served as factors that led citizens to maintain skeptical views about their political influence despite participating in the deliberative process.
This study distinguishes itself by extending the analytical horizon beyond the tendency of existing mini-public research to focus on evaluating procedural legitimacy, instead examining the political context surrounding mini-publics to identify the conditions and mechanisms through which deliberative outputs fail to translate into policy decisions. Furthermore, by focusing on the Korean context where many mini-public cases are government-initiated, this study goes beyond simply pointing out the problem of mini-public outputs failing to lead to policy decisions, revealing that behind this phenomenon lies the selective appropriation of citizens’ demands according to politicians’ interests.
Based on these findings, this study offers three policy implications for substantive linkage between mini-publics and policy decisions. First, when announcing mini-public outputs, not only the final conclusions but also the specific rationales and contexts through which such opinions were formed should be disclosed. This would check the political field’s arbitrary mobilization and interpretation of mini-public outputs or public opinion data, enabling deliberatively derived opinions to be conveyed to the policy decision-making process without distortion. Second, the political field should be required to officially explain their reasons when incorporating or not incorporating mini-public outputs into policy decisions. This aims to prevent politicians from ignoring or distorting mini-public outputs based on arbitrary judgment or private interests, and to enhance transparency in the political process by providing citizens with acceptable explanations even when outcomes are not reflected in policy. Third, politicians should engage directly with citizens and deliberate together as participants rather than as observers free from responsibility or final arbiters of the deliberative process. This would enhance mutual understanding and increase public acceptance of policy decisions by the political field. As such, mini-publics are not experiments separated from real politics; only when connected to the policy decision-making process through the linkage of communication and feedback can they move closer to the deliberative democracy ideal of democratic progress through citizen participation and deliberation.